I-Los Ama-drone angene ocwaningweni lwasolwandle ngesivinini esinonya: namuhla zisetshenziselwa ukulandelela izilwane, ukukala ubukhulu bazo, ukufunda ukunyakaza kwazo, ngisho nokuqapha umthelela wezokuvakasha. Kodwa uma umlingiswa oyinhloko kuyi- ushaka whaleNjengoba kuyinhlanzi enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni, umbuzo obalulekile awunakugwenywa: ingabe siyabaphazamisa laba bantu abakhulu njalo uma sitshala i-drone phezu kwabo noma sigcwalisa indawo yabo ngezikebhe nababhukudi?
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amaqembu amaningana esayensi asebenzise ama-drone, amakhamera, i-biotelemetry kanye nama-accelerometer ukuthola ukuthi lobu buchwepheshe kanye nezokuvakasha ezihambisana nokubuka oshaka bemikhomo kuyayishintsha yini indlela yemvelo yokuziphatha koshaka bemikhomo. Imiphumela iyathakazelisa: ama-drone aphakeme ngandlela thile abonakala engenangozi, kodwa ezokuvakasha ezingaphethwe kahleNjengoba kunezikebhe eziningi kakhulu nabantu emanzini, kunomthelela ocacile endleleni ezihamba ngayo, zondla futhi zisebenzisa indawo yazo yokuhlala.
Kungani ama-drone esetshenziswa ukutadisha oshaka bemikhomo?
Ukusetshenziswa kwama-drone emvelweni yasolwandle kukhule ngoba kuvumela thola ulwazi oluningiliziwe ngaphandle kwesidingo sokusondela kakhulu ezilwaneni. Esikhundleni sokuthembela kuphela ekubonweni okuvela esikebheni, abacwaningi bangaqopha besemoyeni ukunyakaza, isikhundla, kanye nokusebenzisana koshaka bemikhomo nendawo abakuyo kanye nabantu.
Endabeni ye-whale shark, lobu buchwepheshe sebubalulekile ezindaweni ezifana iNingaloo Reef (eNtshonalanga Australia) kanye I-Yucatan ne-Baja peninsulas yaseCalifornia (eMexico)Lezi yizindawo lapho lezi zilwane zihlangana khona ukuze zondle futhi lapho ukuvakasha kwezilwane zasendle kuye kwanda khona eminyakeni embalwa nje, kwaze kwaba sezingeni lokukhathazeka kososayensi kanye nabalondolozi bemvelo.
Ama-drone avumela, isibonelo, ukubala abantu ngabanye, ukulinganisa ubude obulinganiselweukulandelela izindlela zokubhukuda nokubona indlela ezisabela ngayo ezikebheni, kubabhukudi, noma ngisho ne-drone uqobo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngokuhlanganisa lokhu namadivayisi axhunywe emaphikweni abo angemuva, kutholakala isithombe esiphelele kakhulu sokuziphatha kwesilwane, kokubili ebusweni nangaphansi kwamanzi.
Konke lokhu kwenziwa ngenhloso ecacile: ukunciphisa ukungenelela kocwaningoukunciphisa ukucindezeleka okwengeziwe, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukuqoqa idatha yekhwalithi ukuze kuklanywe amazinga okuphathwa kwezokuvakasha angcono kanye amasu okonga.
Ucwaningo eNingaloo: I-Biotelemetry yokulinganisa umphumela oqondile wama-drone
Iphrojekthi eholwa yi- I-Murdoch University kanye ne-Harry Butler Institute Baqala ukwenza okungaphezu kokubuka nje ngamehlo. Esikhundleni sokubuka nje besesikebheni ukuze babone ukuthi ushaka ubonakala ukhathazekile noma ushintshe indlela, basebenzisa idatha ye-biotelemetric ukuze babhale, okwesibili ngomzuzwana, ukuthi izilwane ziziphatha kanjani ngaphansi kwamanzi ngenkathi i-drone indiza ngaphezu kwazo.
Ukuze benze lokhu, iqembu libeke amathegi anezinzwa zokunyakaza kuma-whale shark ayi-13 eNingaloo Reef eNtshonalanga ye-Australia. Lawa mathegi, anamathiselwe ku-dorsal fin yokuqala, afaka phakathi i-"Daily Diary" yohlobo lwedatha yokuziphatha kanye ne-acoustic transmitter eqhubekayo. Ndawonye, avumela ukuqoshwa okuningiliziwe komzamo wokubhukuda kashaka ngamunye, ukunyakaza komsila, kanye namaphethini okuntywila.
Nakuba oshaka babefaka la mathegi, abacwaningi bandiza ngamadrone phezu kwezilwane. ukuphakama phakathi kuka-10 no-60 amamithakufaka phakathi izigaba zokwenyuka nokwehla kwedivayisi. Ngemva kwalokho, baqhathanisa idatha yokuziphatha eqoshwe ngezikhathi ne-drone emoyeni nezinye izikhathi lapho kungekho drone eyayindiza phezu kwendawo.
Umqondo ongemuva kwale ndlela ulula kodwa unamandla: uma i-drone ikhiqiza ukucindezeleka, ukwesaba, noma ukucasuka, lokho kufanele kubonakale ku- izinguquko ekuqineni kwe-caudal finning, izinguquko ekuvameni noma ekujuleni kokuntywila noma amaphethini okubhukuda abonisa ukuzama ukubaleka noma ukuphazamiseka okungavamile.
Umcwaningi oholayo, UDkt. Samantha ReynoldsUgcizelele leli phuzu: kuze kube manje, izifundo eziningi ngomphumela wama-drone ezilwaneni zasolwandle zazisekelwe kulokho okubonwa ngeso lenyama, into engaba yinto ethinta ingqondo futhi inganaki ukusabela okucashile okuvela kuphela kudatha yokuhamba kahle.
Imiphumela e-Australia: ama-drone angangenisi kakhulu, kodwa ngokuqapha
Ngemva kokuhlaziya wonke amarekhodi, ithimba likaMurdoch laphetha ngokuthi Abatholanga bufakazi bokuthi idrone ishintshe ukuziphatha kwemvelo oshaka bemikhomo lapho bendiza phakathi kwamamitha ayi-10 nama-60 ukuphakama. Okusho ukuthi, amaphethini omzamo wokubhukuda, amandla okunyakaza kwemisila, kanye nokuziphatha kokuntywila kwakufana kakhulu uma unedrone noma ungenayo.
Ngokusho kukaReynolds, oshaka bemikhomo Baziphatha ngendlela efanayo ne-drone emoyeni njengangaphansi kwezimo ezijwayelekile.Azikho izinguquko eziqhubekayo ezitholakele ezazizokhomba ukwanda kokucindezeleka, impendulo yendiza, noma umzamo wokugwema indawo lapho idivayisi yayikhona.
Lo mphumela uthumela umlayezo oqinisekisayo emphakathini wesayensi: kulezo zindawo eziphakeme, nangaphansi kwezimo ezithile zocwaningo, Ama-drone abonakala eyithuluzi lokucwaninga elingangenisi kakhulu. koshaka bemikhomo. Lokhu kuvumela ukusetshenziswa kwabo okuqhubekayo ezifundweni zokuziphatha, ukuhlonza izithombe, noma ukubala abantu ngabanye ngaphandle kokubangela ukulimala okusobala.
Kodwa-ke, uReynolds ngokwakhe wayecacile kakhulu ekwethuleni izici ezibalulekile. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, wavuma ukuthi Kungaba nemiphumela yomzimba (isb., ama-hormone). ukuthi ucwaningo aluzange lulinganise futhi lokho akubonakali ngaso sonke isikhathi endleleni yokunyakaza okusheshayo; imiphumela ye-physiological Ngokuvamile zidinga izilinganiso ezihlukile kweze-accelerometers kanye nama-transmitter.
Uphinde wakhumbula ukuthi lezi ziphumo Ziqondene ngqo noshaka womkhomo kanye naleyo ndawo ethile.Kuyo leyo ndawo yokuphila, kuphile izinyoni zasolwandle, izimfudu, amahlengethwa kanye nemikhomo eziye zazibonakalisa zizwela kakhulu ukuba khona kwama-drone, zisabela ngokucacile ngisho nasezindaweni eziphakeme zokundiza.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, isincomo sethimba kwakuwukugcina indlela yokuqapha: ndiza endaweni ephakeme kakhulu evumela ukuthola idatha edingekayo, nciphisa isikhathi sokundiza sibe sezingeni eliphansi kakhulu, futhi usebenzise ama-drone kuphela uma enikeza inani elicacile elengeziwe ocwaningweni.
Ngokuvumelana nalokhu, umthetho waseNtshonalanga Australia usuvele uthi ama-drones asetshenziswa ngezinjongo zokuzijabulisa noma zezentengiselwano. Akufanele baphazamise izilwane zasendle. futhi kudinga ukugcina ibanga elincane lamamitha angu-60 ukusuka koshaka bemikhomo nezilwane ezincelisayo zasolwandle, okuqinisa umqondo wokwenza ubuchwepheshe kanye nenhlalakahle yezilwane kuhambisane.
Ezokuvakasha kanye nama-drone eMexico: lapho inkinga kungeyona i-drone, kodwa imikhumbi
Ngesikhathi e-Australia kuthuthukiswa amasu okuhlola ukuthi ngabe i-drone ngokwayo iyakushintsha yini ukuziphatha kwe-whale shark, EMexico, ukugxila kuye kwagxila kakhulu kwezokuvakasha. ngokubona izinto kanye nendlela izikebhe nababhukudi abazithinta ngayo lezi zilwane. Lapha, ama-drone asephenduke uhlobo “lweso esibhakabhakeni” olushiya isikhala esincane sokungabaza; empeleni, kukhona ukukhula ukukhathazeka ngekusasa loshaka womkhomo lapho ukucindezeleka kwabantu kuphakama kakhulu.
Isazi sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle ULucas Griffin Wahlangana okokuqala nokuvakasha kwe-whale shark ngo-2013, e-Yucatán Peninsula. Lokho okuhlangenwe nakho, okwakuhloswe ekuqaleni ukuba kube olunye uhambo lomndeni, kwagcina sekuyinto eqhubekisela phambili ucwaningo lwakhe olulandelayo. Lokho akuthola kwakuyisimo esixakile: Izikebhe eziningi zinqamula izindlela, izivakashi zigxuma emanzini ngaphandle kokulawula okukhulu kanye nokudideka okukhulu mayelana nendlela efanele yokuxhumana nezilwane.
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, ukuvakasha kokubukela izinyoni kuleyo ndawo kuye kwashintsha kwaba umsebenzi ongavamile kwaba imboni enkulu enemikhumbi enelayisensi engaphezu kuka-200Ekuqaleni kwawo-2000, kwalinganiselwa ukuthi izivakashi ezingaba ngu-3.000 zazivakashelwa ngesizini ngayinye; ngesikhathi sika-2017-2018, izibalo zase zikhuphuke kakhulu zafinyelela kubantu abangaphezu kuka-100.000.
Isazi sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle URafael de la ParraUmqondisi wenhlangano i-Choojajauil kanye nombhali ohlangene wophenyo lwe-drone endaweni, ufingqa lesi simo ngokucacile: ukukhula bekungalawulwa, iziphathimandla zikhungathekile, futhi izimvume ziqhubekile nokunikezwa kuze kube yilapho indawo igcwele. Isikebhe ngasinye singathwala abantu abangafika kwabayi-10, okwandisa ngonya ingcindezi ezilwaneni lapho oshaka beyindlala.
Okuye kwaphawulwa eminyakeni yamuva nje ukuthi, ngenxa yalokho Kumbalwa ukubona oshaka kanye nezikebhe eziningi ezigcwele abantuIzilwane zivame ukucwila emanzini futhi aziphinde zivele kuze kube yilapho inqwaba yezikebhe isinciphile. Ngamanye amazwi, zishintsha indlela eziziphatha ngayo ukuze zigweme ukunqwabelana kwezikebhe nabantu emanzini.
Lokho okwembulwa yizindiza ezingenamoya ngomthelela wezokuvakasha eYucatán
Ngokusebenzisa izindiza ezihleliwe zama-drone ezindaweni zokubona, abacwaningi bakwazile ukubhala phansi, ngezithombe ezicacile, ukuthi ezokuvakasha ezizungeze oshaka bemikhomo zihlelwe kanjani (noma azihlelekile). Okuqoshiwe kubonisa Amaqembu ezikebhe asondelene kakhulu, ababhukudi basondelene kakhulu nezilwane futhi ngisho abantu abathinta oshaka.
Lolu hlobo lokucindezela lukhiqizwa koshaka bemikhomo izimpendulo zokucindezeleka kanye noshintsho ekuziphatheni kwabo kokubhukudaIzifundo zikhomba izinguquko endleleni kanye nokusheshisa kokunyakaza, ukwanda kokuqapha, kanye nokuthambekela kokucwila ngokujulile lapho kukhona izikebhe nababhukudi abaningi.
Esifundweni sokuqhathanisa, uGriffin nethimba lakhe bahlaziya izikhathi ezimbili ezihlukene: ngo-2016, lapho kwakusekhona ubuningi boshaka bemikhomoFuthi ngo-2022, lapho kwatholakala amaqembu ambalwa kuphela. Ama-drone awazange avumele ukulandelela izilwane kuphela, kodwa futhi nokubuka ngobuqotho indlela abaqhubi bezokuvakasha nezivakashi abaziphatha ngayo esimweni ngasinye.
Isiphetho kwaba ukuthi, ezimweni zokucindezeleka okuphezulu kwabantu, ushaka womkhomo uvame ukukhetha ukuhoxa, ukuzicwilisa, noma ukuphazamisa imisebenzi ebalulekile njengokudlaLokhu akugcini nje ngokuthinta inhlalakahle yomuntu esikhathini esifushane, kodwa kungaba nemiphumela ephindaphindayo uma ukuphazamiseka kuphindaphindwa nsuku zonke phakathi nesizini yezivakashi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umsebenzi usuqalile nge ama-accelerometer anamathele emzimbeni woshaka womkhomookwazi ukuqopha konke ukudikiza komsila, ukujika, kanye nokwehluka okuncane emaphethini okunyakaza. Umgomo walesi "sigaba esilandelayo" ukubheka, ngokunemba okukhulu kwesikhathi, lokho i-drone ekubonayo kusuka phezulu nalokho i-accelerometer ekurekhoda esilwaneni uqobo.
UDe la Parra uchaza ukuthi, ngale njongo, kubekwa ithuluzi elibonakala kakhulu (isibonelo, i-orange ekhanyayo) kushaka oye wabonakala ngaphambilini ngezithombe. landela lowo muntu kusukela ekuphakameni okuthile, bebona ngesikhathi sangempela ukusebenzisana kwabo nabanye oshaka, nezikebhe kanye nababhukudi.
Iphrojekthi ye-ConCiencia México kanye ne-Whale Shark Mexico: ama-drone, amakhamera kanye nedatha enemininingwane
E-peninsula yaseBaja California naseYucatán, inhlangano I-ConCiencia Mexico kanye nephrojekthi ye-Whale Shark Mexico, eholwa yi-PhD kwezesayensi UDení Ramírez MacíasBasebenzise inhlanganisela yama-drone namakhamera angaphansi kwamanzi ukutadisha ukuziphatha koshaka bemikhomo phambi kwezikebhe zezivakashi kanye nababhukudi.
Umongo walolu phenyo uyakhathaza: ngaphezu kwengcindezi yezivakashi, lolu hlobo lubhekene nalo ukulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala, ukubhujiswa kwemihlume, kanye nokudoba ngokungakhethiKonke lokhu kwenzeka ohlotsheni oluvele lubhalwe ohlwini njengolusengozini yokuqothulwa, futhi ngenxa yomjikelezo walo wokuphila ohamba kancane, oluthatha isikhathi eside ukululama kunoma yikuphi ukwehla kwenani labantu. Lezi zinkinga kanye nomthelela wazo wendawo kubonakala kahle ekuhlaziyweni kwenani lalolu hlobo eMexico.
Isibalo esisodwa esiphawulekayo sivela eGulf of California ngo-2015: kwezinhlobo ezingu-126 ezafika endaweni, Ama-56% abe nokulimala okubangelwe yizikebheKusukela ekuklwebhekeni okuncane kuya ekusikeni okujulile okuvela kuma-propellers, lokhu kugcizelela ukuthi usongo alukhona nje kuphela ekuziphatheni kodwa futhi lungokomzimba, olubonakala futhi, kwezinye izimo, ukulimala okungaba kubi kakhulu; ucwaningo mayelana izibazi namanxeba Bayibhala phansi ngokuningiliziwe.
Ngokusekelwa yizinhlangano ezifana Isikhwama Sezilwane Zasendle (WWF)La maphrojekthi ahlose ukukhuthaza ukubaluleka kwemikhuba emihle yezokuvakasha kanye nokukhiqiza ubufakazi obuqinile bokulungisa izinhlelo zokuphatha ezisungulwe yiziphathimandla zemvelo zaseMexico.
Ukuze kutholakale idatha yokuziphatha ngaphandle kokuphazamisa kakhulu, ithimba lakha uhlelo amakhamera axhunywe ephikweni lomgogodla ushaki womkhomo kuhlanganiswe nama-drone athwebula izithombe emoyeni. Umklamo wesibonelo uthathe isizini yonke yomsebenzi, kodwa ekugcineni bathola ithuluzi elifanele lokuqopha indlela ushaki oxhumana ngayo nezinye izinhlobo, nezikebhe kanye nezivakashi, kanye nokuthola ulwazi olwengeziwe mayelana nemvelo yawo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwawo endaweni yokuhlala.
Lokho okuvezwa yidatha mayelana nendlela i-whale shark esabela ngayo kwezokuvakasha
Ngokusebenzisa amasampula ahlelekile, ithimba likaRamírez Macías lihlaziye ukuziphatha kwe- Oshaka bemikhomo abangu-30 ngesikhathi bedla kanye nabangu-90 lapho bengadliImiphumela yayicacile uma kuqhathaniswa indlela abasabela ngayo ezikebheni nakubabhukudi esimweni ngasinye.
Eqenjini loshaka ababengadli, Ama-22% asabela ngokuba khona kwemikhumbiCishe ingxenye yashintsha indlela yayo yokubhukuda, kanti enye ingxenye yakhetha ukucwila lapho ibona ukusondela kwesikebhe esinenjini noma umkhumbi wezivakashi.
Lapho kuhlaziywa indlela abasabela ngayo kubabhukudi, izibalo zazimangalisa nakakhulu: Ama-60% oshaka asabela ebukhoneni bawoKungaba ngokuntywila emanzini, ukugwema abantu, noma ukushintsha indlela ukuze ubalekele iqembu lezivakashi elizama ukusondela.
Isimo esibucayi kakhulu sasihilela oshaka ababedla. Kulowo mongo, Kwabonakala ukuyeka ngokuphelele ukudla Ezingxoxweni eziyi-100% nezikebhe noma izivakashi, ushaka wawuphazamisa umsebenzi wawo wokudla. Okusho ukuthi, njalo lapho isikebhe noma iqembu lababhukudi lingena endaweni yokudla, ushaka wawuma.
Lolu hlobo lokuphazamiseka okuqhubekayo lungabangela inkinga enkulu esikhathini esimaphakathi. Uma ushaka womkhomo uyeka ukudla ngokuphindaphindiwe ngesikhathi se-plankton, kungenzeka ukuthi ayidli ukudla okwanele ukuze balondoloze impilo yabo, bazale kabusha, noma baqedele ukufuduka kwabo.
Isiphetho sikaRamírez Macías siwukuthi Imiphumela emibi ebangelwa ezokuvakasha ingancishiswa kakhulu Uma imithetho yemikhuba emihle yezokuvakasha ihlonishwa futhi izinhlelo zokuphatha zikazwelonke ezikhuthazwa uMnyango Wezemvelo Nemithombo Yemvelo zisetshenziswa kahle, khona-ke ezokuvakasha zingachuma. Akukhona ukuvimbela ezokuvakasha, kodwa ukusingatha ngendlela efanele.
Imikhuba emihle, imithethonqubo kanye nokusetshenziswa kahle kwama-drone nezikebhe
Zonke lezi zifundo zembula umqondo owodwa oyinhloko: ama-drone angasetshenziswa, uma esetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha, ithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu lokuvikela ushaka womkhomoKodwa iphuzu elibalulekile ngempela ngokuvamile ubukhulu kanye nokuziphatha kwezikebhe zezivakashi kanye nababhukudi.
Izincomo zochwepheshe zifaka phakathi ukunciphisa inani lemikhumbi ngesikhathi esisodwa ezindaweni zokubona. ukunciphisa inani labantu emanzini futhi baqinisekise ukuthi bonke abaqhubi bezokuvakasha bathola ukuqeqeshwa okuqondile kokuthi bangasondela kanjani koshaka ngaphandle kokuvimba indlela yabo, ngaphandle kokubathinta, futhi ngaphandle kokubazungeza baze bavalelwe ekhoneni.
Ngokuphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwama-drone, indlela ejwayelekile icacile impela: ndiza phezulu ngangokunokwenzeka Ngenkathi ulondoloza ikhwalithi yedatha edingekayo, nciphisa ubude bezindiza futhi ugweme ukuzulazula okungazelelwe, ukusondela ngokuzumayo, noma ukundiza okuqhubekayo phezu komuntu ofanayo ngaphandle kwesizathu esiqinile sesayensi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kubalulekile ukuqaphela imiphumela eqinisekisayo etholakale ngoshaka bemikhomo eNingaloo. Azikwazi ukudluliselwa ngokuzenzakalelayo kwezinye izinhloboIzinyoni zasolwandle, amahlengethwa, izimfudu, noma imikhomo zingasabela kakhulu emsindweni, emthunzini, noma ekuhambeni kwe-drone, ngakho-ke imithetho kumele ivumelane nohlobo kanye nomongo.
Ezindaweni ezifana neMexico, lapho ukuvakasha kwemvelo kuyisisekelo semali engenayo emiphakathini eminingi, isihluthulelo sizoba ukuvumelanisa intuthuko yezomnotho nokongiwa kwemvelo kwesikhathi esideAma-drone, amakhamera, kanye ne-biotelemetry kuhlinzeka ngemininingwane eqondile esiza ekwakheni imithetho eyisisekelo futhi ibonise, ngezithombe ezicacile, lapho imithetho yephulwa.
Ingqikithi yazo zonke lezi zifundo idweba isithombe esiyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa esinendawo yokuqondisa: oshaka bemikhomo babonakala bebekezelela ama-drone asetshenziswa ngokuhlakanipha, kodwa Bathinteka kakhulu yizokuvakasha eziningi kanye nemithetho engafanele.Lokhu kushintsha indlela yabo yokubhukuda, kubaphoqa ukuthi bacwile ukuze bagweme izikebhe nababhukudi, futhi kubabangele ukuthi bayeke ukudla lapho ingcindezi iba phezulu kakhulu. Ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe ukuze baqonde kangcono lokhu kusabela nokunciphisa ukweqisa kwezokuvakasha kuzobaluleka kakhulu kulezi ziqhwaga ukuze ziqhubeke nokuzulazula olwandle lwethu izizukulwane eziningi.
