Umlando wokudoba olwandle , empeleni, uyindaba yokuthi abantu bafunde kanjani ukuhlala ndawonye nemifula, amachibi, kanye nolwandle ukuze bazondle, bahwebe, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, bajabulele omunye wemidlalo ethandwa kakhulu emhlabeni: ukudoba kwezemidlalo . Kusukela ekudobeni kokuqala ngesandla emanzini angajulile kuya emikhumbi emikhulu yanamuhla, indlela igcwele ubuhlakani, intuthuko... kanye nemiphumela yemvelo esiphoqelela namuhla ukuthi sicabange kabusha ngezinto eziningi.
Eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane, ukudoba kuye kwashintsha kusuka emsebenzini wokusinda kuphela kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile yomnotho womhlaba, uphawu lwamasiko emiphakathini eminingi yasogwini, kanye nokuzilibazisa okuheha izigidi zabantu abathanda izinto ezintsha. Ukuqonda ukuthi sifike kanjani lapha kuhilela ukubheka emuva emlandweni wangaphambi komlando, ukuhlola iNayile neMedithera, ukuya eNewfoundland nabadobi bemikhomo baseBasque, ukugibela imikhumbi emikhulu yezimboni yekhulu lama-20, futhi ekugcineni, sizibuze ukuthi hlobo luni lokudoba esilufunayo esikhathini esizayo.
Kusukela Ngaphambi Komlando kuya empucukweni yokuqala: lapho ukudoba kwakuphila
Esikhathini eside ngaphambi kokuba noma ubani acabange ngezinduku zokudoba ze-fiberglass noma i-sonar, okhokho bethu base bethembele emanzini ukuze bathole ukudla. Ngalezo zikhathi zokuqala, ukudoba kwakuyinto eyisisekelo kakhulu : abantu babesondela ogwini olungajulile futhi babambe izinhlanzi, izinkalankala, nama-bivalve ngezandla zabo, besebenzisa amachibi, amaza aphansi, kanye nemifudlana emincane.
Le ndlela, njengoba ungacabanga kalula, yayinezingozi zayo. Ezinye izinhlanzi ezinamazinyo abukhali noma izinhlungu ezinobuthi zingadala amanxeba amakhulu, angaba yingozi ezikhathini zangaphambi kwezokwelapha zanamuhla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuphathwa kabi okuncane kwakusho ukuthi izinhlanzi zizobaleka, zishiye umdobi engenalutho ngemuva komzamo omkhulu.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, lokho esingakubiza ngokuthi "izikhali zokudoba" zokuqala kwaqala ukuvela. Kwakhiwa izinsika ezibukhali, imikhonto, kanye nezinsika , okwandisa ukuphepha nokusebenza kahle. Esikhundleni sokufika emanzini, isikhali safakwa ezinhlanzini, kunciphisa ukuphuma nokulunywa. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amanetha okuqala alula ayelukwa ngemicu yezitshalo, ekwazi ukubamba izinhlanzi eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Izinsalela zemivubukulo ziyayisekela le ndaba. Kwa-Israyeli, kutholakale izingwegwe zezinhlanzi ezinamathambo ezineminyaka engaba ngu -12.000 , zinamathele ezintanjeni nasematsheni amancane asebenza njenge-ballast. Lezi zingwegwe zimelela igxathu elikhulu phambili uma kuqhathaniswa nokudoba ngesandla, ngoba zivumela abadobi ukuthi badobe bekude, balawule kangcono ukujula, futhi bakhethe izicupho ezikhangayo kuhlobo ngalunye.
Ukusungulwa kwamanetha kwaba esinye isenzakalo esibalulekile. Isibonelo, inetha lasendulo elatholakala e-Antrea, eFinland , elenziwe ngemicu ye-willow, libonisa ukuthi amaqembu abantu ayesevele enolwazi ngamasu okuluka ayinkimbinkimbi. La manetha ayesetshenziswa ogwini, ogwini, noma ezikebheni ezincane, futhi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi aba ithuluzi elibalulekile kusukela eNkathini Ephakathi kuze kube sekhulwini lama-20.
Ukudoba emasikweni asendulo: ukudla, ukuhweba kanye nophawu
Lapho imiphakathi yokuqala emikhulu ichuma, ukudoba kwaphela kwaba yindaba yokuphila okuyisisekelo futhi kwaguqulwa kwaba yinto ejabulisayo. insika yezomnotho namasiko ezindaweni eziningi. EGibhithe lasendulo, isibonelo, iNayile yayiwumthombo ongapheli de peces ezazibanjwa ngamanetha, obhasikidi kanye nezimbotshana ezivela ezikebheni ezincane zokhuni.
Esifundeni sakwa-Israyeli naseLevant, ubufakazi bemivubukulo bubonisa ukusetshenziswa njalo kwezinhlanzi zamanzi ahlanzekile nezasolwandle . Izinsalela ze-tilapia nezinye izinhlobo ezifutha umlomo zitholakale ezindaweni zokuhlala eduze koMfula iJordani, iYarkon, kanye noLwandle lwaseGalile, kuyilapho amathambo nezingcwecwe ze-sea bream, i-grouper, i-croaker, kanye ne-mullet zitholakale ezindaweni ezikude nezwe, ikakhulukazi ezivela eMedithera futhi, ezikhathini zakamuva, ngisho naseLwandle Olubomvu.
Njengoba le miphakathi yasemaphandleni yayingenalo ukufinyelela ngqo olwandle, izinhlanzi zasebenzisa amasu okulondoloza njengokubhema noma ukufaka usawoti ngaphambi kokuba zithuthwe. Le nqubo yenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuthuthukiswa kwamanethiwekhi okuhweba afinyelela kude: kuyaziwa, isibonelo, ukuthi i-Nile perch yayingeniswa ivela eGibhithe, mhlawumbe yomisiwe noma ibhenywa, nokuthi ukuhweba nge-brined roe kwaba yinto ethengiswa kwamanye amazwe eyigugu kakhulu.
EJerusalema, ukuhweba ngezinhlanzi kwaba nzima kakhulu kangangokuthi enye yezindlela zokungena zomuzi yaziwa ngokuthi iSango Lezinhlanzi , okubhekisela emakethe eseduze. Lesi yisibonelo esihle sendlela ukudoba okwakungagcini nje ngokuhlinzeka ngokudla kodwa futhi kwahlanganiswa nenhlangano yedolobha kanye nokuhweba kwesifunda.
Nokho, eGrisi lasendulo, ukudoba kwakubhekwa njengomsebenzi ophansi. Zimbalwa izithombe zabadobi, okubonisa ukuthi lo msebenzi wawungenalo udumo olukhulu emphakathini. Noma kunjalo, u-Oppian waseGrisi wase-Apamea wabhala i- Halieulica noma i-Halieutika phakathi kuka-177 no-180 AD , ebhekwa njengencwadi endala kunazo zonke ezisindile mayelana nokudoba olwandle, ubufakazi bokuthi ulwazi lobuchwepheshe mayelana nolwandle lwaluthakazelisa emibuthanweni ethile efundile.
AmaGreki ayedla izinhlobo eziningi zokudla kwasolwandle: eziqhingini nasezindaweni ezisogwini, izinhlanzi ezintsha, i-squid, i-octopus, kanye ne-bivalves zazivame ukudliwa , ngaphezu kwama-sardine nama-anchovies, ayethengiswa emisha noma, ngokuvamile, enosawoti. Ama-Stelae afana nalawo avela e-Akraiphia, eduze neLake Copais, aqukethe ngisho nohlu lwamanani, aqhathanisa izinhlobo ezingabizi kakhulu, njenge-parrotfish okungenzeka ( skaren ), nezinto zokunethezeka njenge-Atlantic bluefin tuna.
KumaRoma, inhlanzi yaba ukudla okumnandi okudumile. Imisebenzi efana ne- Apicius cookbook ikhombisa uhla oluhlaba umxhwele lwama-sauce nama-preparation, kanye nezindlela zokupheka ezihlanganisa inhlanzi ethosiwe nezinhlanganisela eziyinkimbinkimbi zezinongo, amawayini, uju kanye nemihluzi. Inhlanzi, ngokuvamile ebiza kakhulu kunezicucu eziningi zenyama, yayihlotshaniswa nokuhlanzwa kokupheka kanye nokunethezeka kwezikhulu zasemadolobheni.
AmaRoma ayesebenzisa uhlobo oluthile " lokufuya izinhlanzi " lwasendulo, edala amachibi amanzi ahlanzekile namanzi anosawoti ukuze kugcinwe izinhlobo ezithile ziphila. I-Mediterranean moray eel, ebhekwa njengesidlo sangempela naphezu (noma mhlawumbe ngenxa) yengozi yayo, yayikhuliswa kula machibi futhi yaze yasetshenziswa ngezinye izikhathi njengesijeziso. I-mullet ebomvu ( i-mullus ), enezikali zayo ezibomvu eziphawulekayo, yayibiza amanani aphezulu futhi yaba uphawu lokubukisa, kwaze kwaba yilapho ezinye izidlo zakusihlwa zibonisa izinhlanzi ezifayo eziboniswa etafuleni—umkhuba owawuzowela ehlazweni kamuva.
Imvelaphi enganekwane kanye nokulandisa kokuqala kokudoba kwezemidlalo
Kanye nedatha yemivubukulo kanye nemithombo yomlando, kunezindaba ezinganekwane mayelana nomsuka wokudoba , ikakhulukazi ukudoba ngenduku. Isibonelo esimangalisayo sivela emasikweni aseMpumalanga, aveza ukusungulwa kwemishini yokudoba eyisisekelo ngenxa yeNdlovukazi uZingo: inaliti njengehuku, induku yokhuni njengenduku, kanye nentambo evela kweyodwa yezingubo zakhe ezisetshenziswa njengentambo yokudoba.
Nakuba isalokhu iyindaba enezinganekwane ezingaphansi, ibonisa okuthile okuthakazelisayo: umqondo wokuthi ukudoba ngenduku, manje okuhlotshaniswa kakhulu namadoda, kungenzeka ukuthi kwaqhutshwa, okungenani emcabangweni wamasiko, ubuhlakani bowesifazane . Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi inembile kangakanani emlandweni, le ndaba ibonisa ukuthi amasiko amaningi azama ukuchaza imvelaphi yamasu okudoba ngokusebenzisa abantu abanekhono noma abangonkulunkulu.
Emakhulwini eminyaka, kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwamasu namathuluzi asebenza kahle kakhulu, ukudoba kwaqala nokuba yinto yokuzijabulisa . Kamuva, eNkathini Yesimanje Neyesimanje, izinduku ezenzelwe ukuzijabulisa, ukubamba nokukhulula, kanye nefilosofi yezemidlalo yonke yagxila hhayi kakhulu esidingweni sokuzondla kodwa enjabulweni yokulinda, ubuchwepheshe, kanye nokuxhumana ngqo nemvelo kwathuthukiswa.
Ngokwesibonelo, kukhona inkulumo ngezinduku zokudoba ezaqalwa eYurophu Ephakathi cishe ngekhulu le-13, yize izinduku njengoba sizazi namuhla—ezenziwe ngezinto ezifana ne-fiberglass kuqala, kanye nezinhlanganisela ezithuthuke kakhulu kamuva—ziwumphumela wentuthuko yakamuva kakhulu. Kunoma ikuphi, umugqa oxhumanisa lawo ma-harpoon ethambo nezinduku ze-carbon zanamuhla ubonisa indlela ukudoba okuye kwashintsha ngayo kusukela endleleni yokuphila kuya emsebenzini wokuzilibazisa , ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukubaluleka kwako kwezomnotho ezindaweni eziningi.
Ukudoba Ezweni LaseBasque: kusukela emihumeni yasendulo kuya eNewfoundland
Uma kukhona isifunda esisodwa lapho ukudoba kuye kwabumba khona ubunikazi beqembu, yi-Basque coast. Ubufakazi bokuqala bomsebenzi wokudoba kule ndawo buyizinto zakudala futhi budala kakhulu : izinsalela eziningi zokuqoqana kwe-Paleolithic shellfish zitholakale emihumeni ezingxenyeni ezahlukene zezwe laseBasque, kanye namagobolondo kanye nemfucuza ekhombisa ukuvunwa okukhulu kwezinsiza zasogwini.
Abanye ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi imidwebo yemihume yesifunda Zibonisa izethulo ezingaba khona de peces Izinhlanzi ezisicaba njenge-roosterfish noma i-sole zisikisela ukujwayelana kwasekuqaleni nezilwane zasolwandle zasendaweni. Kamuva, ngezikhathi zamaRoma, izindawo zokufaka usawoti wezinhlanzi zilotshwe ezindaweni ezifana neGhetary, endaweni manje eyiFrance Basque Country, exhumanisa ugu lwaseBasque nenethiwekhi enkulu yokuhweba yaseMedithera yezinhlanzi ezinosawoti.
Imibhalo emidala kakhulu ebhaliwe ngokudoba eBasque isukela eNkathini Ephakathi futhi igxile kakhulu ekudobeni imikhomo . Ngezinyanga ezibandayo, izinhlobo zezinhlobo ze- Eubalaena glacialis zazivame ukusondela ogwini lwaseCantabrian, futhi abadobi baseBasque bathuthukisa umsebenzi omkhulu wokudoba imikhomo owashiya uphawu lwawo emibhalweni, emithethweni, kanye nasekulandiseni ngaleso sikhathi.
Phakathi nalawo makhulu eminyaka afanayo, kwakhulunywa nangezinye izinhlobo ezibalulekile, njenge- sea bream kanye ne-Bermeo sardine , ezicashunwe ngisho nasezincwadini ezidumile njenge- Book of Good Love . Imithetho yezinhlangano zabadobi kanye nemibhalo ehlukahlukene ichaza nokudoba i-hake, i-conger eel, i-cuttlefish, nezinye izinhlobo, ezihlelwe ohambweni lokudoba lwezinkathi ezahlukene: umkhankaso wasebusika ogxile ku-sea bream kanye nowehlobo ogxile ku-tuna.
Intuthuko enkulu phambili yenzeka ngekhulu le-16, lapho amaBasque engena ezindaweni zokudoba ezinkulu ezinqamula i-Atlantic . Kusukela ngawo-1530 kuqhubeke, izinkomba zohambo oluya eNewfoundland, futhi kamuva e-Iceland naseSvalbard, zanda, lapho imikhumbi yaseBasque—ama-galleon nama-caravel athwala izikebhe zokudoba ezincane—yachitha izinyanga izingela imikhomo futhi idoba kakhulu i-cod.
Lezi zihambo zazihilela ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu okuvela kubathengisi emadolobheni afana neSan Sebastián, iBilbao, neBayonne, kodwa futhi zathola inzuzo enkulu lapho lo mkhankaso uphumelela. Ngempela, ezinye izazi-mlando zibheka ukudoba okudlula i-Atlantic njengomsebenzi wesibili omkhulu ongeyona eyezolimo eBasque Country phakathi nekhulu le-16 nele-17, okwesibili kuphela embonini yensimbi nensimbi.
Kodwa-ke, izingozi zazingekho . Imikhumbi yayingabanjwa yiqhwa ekuqaleni uma izama ukwandisa isizini yayo, noma ihlaselwe abantu abazimele ohambweni lokubuyela emuva. Lezi zinsongo zakhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwezinhlelo zomshuwalense wasolwandle, ngandlela-thile, ezazilindele amathuluzi ezezimali esimanje okusabalalisa ubungozi phakathi kwabatshalizimali abaningi.
Ukwehla, uguquko kanye noguquko lwezimboni ekudobeni kweBasque
“Inkathi yegolide” yokudoba eBasque eNewfoundland yaphela ngokuzumayo ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-18, ngemva kweSivumelwano sase-Utrecht sika-1713. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, ubukhosi eNyakatho ye-Atlantic baqala badlulela kwabaseBrithani kwabe sekuya kwabaseFrance, kwathi amaBasque kwadingeka abuyele kwezinye izinhlobo zokudoba nokuhweba.
EGipuzkoa, ukudoba kwalahlekelwa ithuba ngenxa yamathuba amasha, anenzuzo kakhulu ekoloni, njengalawo ahlobene neNkampani iCaracas . Lapho inkampani inyamalala, iningi lesiko laseGipuzkoa lase libuthakathaka, futhi abadobi abaningi baqala ukuhlanganisa ukudoba nokulima, into eyayicishe ingacabangeki eBizkaia ngaleso sikhathi.
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-18, iBizkaia yathola ukuvuselelwa komsebenzi wokudoba , okubonakala emibhalweni yamachweba afana neLekeitio neBermeo. Kodwa-ke, izimpi kanye nezingxabano ezihlomile zasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 kanye nengxenye enkulu yekhulu le-19 zathinta kakhulu lo mkhakha, kokubili eBizkaia naseGipuzkoa, kwabeka engcupheni ukusinda kwezinkampani eziningi zokudoba.
Ezweni laseBasque laseFrance, ukugxila kwagxila ekudobeni ama-sardine nezinye izinhlobo zasogwini , okuhlobene nomkhakha wokufaka amathini. Izimboni zokucubungula zanikezwa kokubili izinhlanzi zasendaweni kanye nezinhlanzi ezivela ezifundazweni zaseBasque, okwadala amathuba emisebenzi kwabesifazane ekufakeni usawoti, ukuhlanza kanye nokupakisha.
Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, kwaba noguquko lwezobuchwepheshe lwangempela ngokwethulwa kwezinjini zomusi emikhunjini yokudoba . Labo ababizwa ngokuthi "amaMamelena," ababhaliswe eSan Sebastián, babengamaphayona kulolu shintsho, olwashesha kakhulu ngemva kokuphahlazeka okukhulu komkhumbi ngo-1912 lapho inani elikhulu labadobi lashona khona. Le nhlekelele yabangela ingcindezi enkulu yomphakathi yokuthuthukisa imikhumbi yempi nokuthuthukisa ukuphepha olwandle.
Kodwa-ke, akuzona zonke intuthuko ezazinhle. Amandla amakhulu okukhipha imikhumbi ephefumulayo kanye nokuba khona kwayo imikhumbi yokudoba enamandla eduze nogu Bandisa ingcindezi ezindaweni zokudoba. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19, ukwehla okukhulu kokubanjwa kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle zasebusika kwase kutholakale kakade, futhi i-hake nayo yayisiqala ukuntuleka. Amasu anjengoku ukubhowula noma ukudoba entshisekweni, okwasizakala ngokukhanya kwamabhange de peces Ebusuku, bandisa ukuxhashazwa ngisho nakakhulu.
Ukudoba ngokweqile, intuthuko kanye nemingcele yolwandle ngekhulu lama-20
Ingxenye enkulu yekhulu lama-20, abadobi abaningi baseBasque babenombono wokuqiniseka ngokweqile ngesimo sezinsizakusebenza . Uma ama-sardine enyamalala noma eba yindlala, babephendukela kuma-anchovies; uma ama-anchovies ethuthela kude, ayefuna izindawo ezintsha zokudoba ezikude. Ukudalwa kwenkampani ye-PYSBE ePasajes ngo-1927 kwaze kwaletha nemikhumbi yaseBasque eNyakatho ye-Atlantic, umuzwa wokuqhubeka owawufihla ubuthakathaka obukhulayo bezindawo zemvelo zasolwandle.
Izibalo zibonisa ukuthi, phakathi kuka-1900 namanje, kube nezinkathi eziningi zokwehla kokubanjwa kwezinhlanzi ngeyunithi ngayinye. Kuphela ngesikhathi esilandela iMpi Yombango yaseSpain kanye neMpi Yezwe II—phakathi I-1939 ne-1945- kwaqoshwa ukuphindeka okuphawulekayo, okwabangelwa ukuzola empini okwavumela ukubuyiselwa kwemiphakathi ethile de peces.
Noma kunjalo, ngawo-1950 kwaba nokuvunwa okukhulu okwakungenakukwazi ukumuncwa yimakethe ngezinye izikhathi. Ngawo-60, izimo zaba zimbi kakhulu kangangokuthi, bebhekene nokubanjwa kwezinhlanzi eziningi, izinhlangano zokudoba zaphoqeleka ukumemezela "izinsuku zefulegi ," izinsuku lapho kungekho mkhumbi owawungaphuma uyodoba ukuvimbela ukuwa kwentengo kanye nokulahlwa komkhiqizo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izinhlobo ezifana ne-bonito ezibanjwe ogwini oluseduze zazivame ukwehla ngobukhulu. Ukuze kugcinwe inzuzo yemikhumbi emikhulu, abanikazi bemikhumbi abaningi bakhethe ukwandisa uhambo lwabo lokudoba kwezinye izindawo ezifana neziQhingi zaseCanary noma ogwini lwaseNtshonalanga Afrika , beshiya izindlela ezikhethiwe kakhulu njengokudoba ngenduku kanye ne-hook okufakwe izicucu zommbila esikhundleni sokudoba nge-bait ephilayo ene-anchovies, okwandise kakhulu inani lezinhlanzi ezibanjwayo.
Izinqubomgomo zokuthuthukiswa kweFrancoist nazo zakhuthaza uMthetho Wokuvuselelwa Kwemikhumbi Yokudoba owakhuthaza izinkampani ukuba zithathe izikweletu ukuze zakhe imikhumbi emikhulu nenamandla kakhulu ehlonyiswe nge-sonar, i-radar, kanye nezinye izinto ezithuthukisiwe. ISpain yaba nemikhumbi yokudoba yesithathu ngobukhulu emhlabeni, ngemuva kweJapan neRussia kuphela, kanti iBizkaia neGipuzkoa zazinemikhumbi eminingi kunamazwe afana neGreat Britain noma iJalimane, isimo esingalingani ngokuphelele namandla ezindawo zokudoba.
Igalelo lokugcina lafika ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-70 lapho izifundazwe eziningi ziqala ukumemezela izindawo zomnotho ezikhethekile ezingamamayela angama-200 ezigcinelwe imikhumbi yazo kazwelonke. Ngobusuku obubodwa, cishe zonke izinhlanzi zaseBasque emanzini amanye amazwe zabhekana nemingcele emisha yezomthetho kanye nemikhawulo enzima, okwabangela inkinga enkulu kulo mkhakha.
Ukungena kweSpain eMhlanganweni Wezomnotho WaseYurophu wangaleso sikhathi ngawo-80 kwahlangatshezwana nethemba lokuthi izindawo ezinkulu zokudoba zizovulelwa imikhumbi yaseBasque. Kodwa-ke, inqubomgomo yokudoba yoMphakathi , egxile ekulondolozweni nasekunikezweni kwesabelo, yangqubuzana nalokhu okulindelwe, yanciphisa kakhulu inani elingabanjwa ngokusemthethweni.
Kusukela ekudobeni kobuciko kuya ezimbonini: izinhlangothi ezimbili zohlamvu lwemali olufanayo
Uma sibheka isithombe somhlaba wonke, umlando wokudoba olwandle uye wahluka kakhulu phakathi kokudoba okwenziwe ngezandla kanye nokudoba kwezimboni . Okokuqala kubonakala ngokusetshenziswa kwezikebhe ezincane eduze nogu, amasu adluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, kanye nentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe elinganiselwe. Ngokuvamile kwenziwa ezindaweni ezingakathuthuki, ngokukhiqiza okuncane okuhloselwe ukuzisebenzisela wena noma izimakethe zasendaweni.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukudoba kwezimboni kuncike emikhunjini emikhulu, engaphezu kwamamitha angu-18 ubude, ekwazi ukusebenza olwandle olude ngama -trawl, imigqa emide, kanye ne-purse seines . Umgomo wayo ukwandisa inani lezinhlanzi ezibanjwayo—i-tuna, i-hake, i-cod, ama-sardine, ama-shrimp, njll.—futhi ihlinzeke ngezinsizakalo zomhlaba wonke, izindawo zokucubungula, kanye nezimakethe zomhlaba wonke.
Umehluko kwezobuchwepheshe kanye nobukhulu uholele ekugxekweni okukhulu mayelana nomthelela wezemvelo wokudoba oqondiswe emkhakheni wezimboni, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yomphumela omubi wokudoba ngamanetha angaphansi kwenhlabathi ezindaweni zemvelo zasolwandle. Kodwa-ke, ngisho nokudoba okwenziwe ngezandla kungaba yingozi kakhulu uma ukuvinjelwa kokudoba, ubukhulu obuncane, kanye nemithethonqubo yemishini evunyelwe endaweni ngayinye kunganakwa.
Kanye nalezi zindlela zendabuko, kuye kwavela imisebenzi ethile ezungeze ezinye izinsiza zasolwandle, njengezilwane ezihlala emanzini abandayo . Indaba yenkalankala yenkosi yase-Alaska iyisibonelo: ukuxhashazwa kwayo maphakathi nekhulu le-19 kwaba umthombo obalulekile wemali engenayo emindenini eminingi futhi kwaze kwaba nomthelela ekucindezelweni komphakathi ukuze i-Alaska ifinyelele ekubeni yizwe ngo-1959, ngenhloso yokulawula ngqo izinsiza zayo zemvelo.
Ukubanjwa kwezinkalankala kwakhuthaza izinto ezintsha ezifana nezicupho ezaklanywa nguBenjamin F. Lewis ngawo-1920 , ezanikezwa ilungelo lobunikazi ngo-1928, futhi zalungiswa eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva. Lezi zakhiwo ezifana nebhokisi, ezazinokudla okunamafutha, zavumela izilwane ezinamagobolondo ukuba zingene kalula kodwa zenza kwaba nzima kakhulu ukuba ziphume. Ekugcineni zaba yindlela ejwayelekile ezindaweni ezifana neChesapeake Bay futhi zasakazeka emhlabeni wonke.
Umthetho wanamuhla udinga ukuthi lezi zingibe zihlanganise amaphaneli aqhekekayo aphuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi uma isingibe silahleka, okuvumela izinkalankala ukuba ziphunyuke futhi kuvimbele lokho okubizwa ngokuthi "ukudoba izipoki," esinye sezimbangela ezithule zokufa kanye nokuchitheka kwempilo yasolwandle.
Ukudoba ngezemidlalo kanye nokuvuna okunesibopho
Ngaphandle kwezici zayo zezentengiselwano, kokubili ezobuciko nezezimboni, ukudoba sekusungulwe njengomsebenzi wezemidlalo nowokuzilibazisa onezigidi zabantu abathanda kakhulu. Ukudoba ngezinduku nama-reel—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kuselwandle noma emanzini ahlanzekile—cishe kuyindlela yokudoba yezemidlalo eyaziwa kakhulu, futhi kuveze imakethe yonke yezinduku, ama-reel, imigqa, izicupho, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezesekeli.
Ifilosofi yokubamba nokukhulula isisabalele kule ndawo . Abadobi abaningi bakhetha ukubuyisela izinhlanzi emanzini zisesimweni esihle kakhulu, ngemva kokujabulela ukubamba, ngenhloso yokunciphisa umthelela ezinhlanzini nokukhuthaza ukudoba okusimeme. Uma kwenziwa kahle, kunciphisa ukulimala kwezinhlanzi, lo mkhuba ungasiza ekulinganiseni ingcindezi ezinsizeni.
Ukudoba nge-spearfishing nakho kuye kwathandwa , kuhlanganisa ukushushuluza emanzini kanye nobuciko bokulwa ngaphansi kwamanzi. Esebenzisa izibhamu ezikhethekile—ngokuvamile ezenziwe nge-aluminium, yize kunezinhlobo zokhuni noma ze-carbon fiber ezitholakalayo—umdobi we-spearfisher ngamunye ukhetha inhlanzi ngayinye afuna ukuyiyisa ekhaya. Uma kwenziwa ngendlela efanele, kuhlonipha imingcele yobukhulu kanye nezinhlobo ezivikelwe, kubhekwa njengenye yezindlela zokudoba ezikhethwa kakhulu ezinomthelela omncane kakhulu emvelweni, njengoba zingabangeli ukubanjwa okukhulu.
Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi imiphakathi eminingi yasogwini ihlanganise lezi zinhlobo zokudoba zokuzijabulisa nezobungcweti obuncane emkhakheni wazo wezomnotho namasiko . Ezifundeni ezifana neGalicia, iBasque Country, iMedithera, kanye nezindawo ezinkulu zaseNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia, amasu adluliselwa emindenini, imikhosi igujwa maqondana nezinkathi zokudoba, futhi kuhlelwa imincintiswano eqinisa lobu buhlobo obuseduze phakathi kolwandle nomphakathi.
Ukudoba, ukudla kanye namasiko: okungaphezu kokudla
Kuwo wonke umlando, ukudoba akugcini nje ngokugcwalisa amatafula, kodwa kuye kwabumba ukudla okuphelele kanye namasiko okupheka . Izitsha ezidumile ezifana ne-sushi yaseJapan, i-Peruvian ceviche, i-Cantabrian anchovy preserves, kanye nezitshulu ze-cod zaseNyakatho Yurophu zimane nje ziyingxenyana yeqhwa lokwehlukahlukana kokudla okuhlobene nolwandle.
Indaba ye-sushi iwumfanekiso okhethekile. Uhlobo lwayo oludala kakhulu, i-nare-zushi , lwaqala eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia futhi lwafika eJapane cishe ngekhulu lesi-8 njengendlela yokulondoloza : inhlanzi yayinosawoti futhi isongwe ngelayisi elalivundiswa kancane kancane, livimbela ukubola. Ngokuthakazelisayo, kulolo hlelo kwakudliwa inhlanzi kuphela; ilayisi elivutshiwe lalilahlwa.
Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwavela izinguquko, njenge- namanare ngesikhathi seMuromachi, lapho inhlanzi eluhlaza kancane yayidliwa isanda kuhlanganiswa nelayisi ngaphambi kokuba ukubila kube nzima kakhulu. Ekugcineni, ngesikhathi se-Edo, kwavela i-haya-zushi , lapho ilayisi nenhlanzi kudliwa ndawonye, kusetshenziswa uviniga esikhundleni sokubilisa isikhathi eside. Lolu hlobo luyisandulela esiqondile se-sushi yesimanje, esisalokhu siyisisekelo sokudla kwaseJapane namuhla.
EMedithera, isiko lokudla kwasolwandle , inhlanzi eyosiwe, inhlanzi enosawoti, kanye nezitshulu zezinhlanzi lishiye uphawu olujulile emazweni afana neSpain, i-Italy, neGrisi. Emadolobheni amaningi okudoba, imikhosi yabangcwele abasekelayo kanye nezindawo zokuhambela zigxile ekufikeni kwezinhlobo ezithile—njenge-tuna noma i-salmon—futhi zihambisana nezitsha ezithile eziqinisa isixhumanisi esingokomfanekiso phakathi kolwandle, umphakathi, kanye netafula.
Ngokombono wezomnotho, ukudoba kuyaqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngemisebenzi yezigidi zabantu emhlabeni jikelele: abadobi, abaqoqi bezimbaza, abasebenzi bemakethe yezinhlanzi, abasebenzi bezindawo zokufaka amathini, abasebenzi bezindawo zokugcina amakhaza, abathuthi, abathengisi bezindawo zokudlela… Ngesikhathi esifanayo, lokhu kuncika kwezomnotho kusho ukuthi noma iyiphi inkinga yokudoba , kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ibangelwa ukusetshenziswa ngokweqile, ukungcola noma izinguquko zomthetho, inomthelela omkhulu emphakathini futhi ngezinye izikhathi odabukisayo.
Izinselele zamanje kanye nekusasa lokudoba olwandle
Emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, igama eliyinhloko kunoma iyiphi ingxoxo mayelana nokudoba lithi ukusimamaInhlanganisela yokudoba ngokweqile, ukucekelwa phansi kwendawoUkungcola kanye nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kuye kwaholela ekwandeni kwabantu abaningi de peces emazingeni abucayi, kanye nezinhlangano zomhlaba wonke ezifana ne-FAO zigcizelela ukuphuthuma kokushintsha indlela.
Phakathi kwezinyathelo ezibaluleke kakhulu ukudalwa kwezindawo ezivikelwe zasolwandle lapho ukudoba kunqunyelwe noma kuvinjelwe khona, okuvumela izimiso zemvelo ukuthi ziphinde zikhule; ukubekwa kwezilinganiso ezilungiselelwe ukuhlolwa kwesitoko kwesayensi; ukuvalwa kwesikhashana ukuze kuvunyelwe ukuzala kanye nokuvikelwa kwezindawo ezibalulekile zokuzalanisa.
Izitifiketi zokudoba ezithembekile, njengelebula le- Marine Stewardship Council (MSC) , nazo ziye zabaluleka. Lawa malebula aqaphela ukudoba okuhlangabezana nezindinganiso eziqinile zokunciphisa umthelela wemvelo, ukuphathwa okuhle, kanye nokulandeleka. Ahlose ukuqondisa abathengi emikhiqizweni eqhubekayo ngokuvuza labo abenza izinto kahle.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi kuye kwanda njengendlela ehlukile yokudoba endle, ngokufuywa kwe-salmon, i-gilthead seabream, i-European seabass, i-shrimp, nezinye izinhlobo eziningi. Uma iphathwa kahle, inganciphisa ingcindezi olwandle; uma ingasetshenziswa kahle, idala izinkinga zayo zokungcola, ukuphunyuka, kanye nokusetshenziswa kokudla okunamandla, ngakho akuyona inhlamvu yomlingo, kodwa kungenye ingxenye yephazili eyinkimbinkimbi.
Ubuchwepheshe buphinde buguqule umsebenzi: kusukela kuma-drone nama-satellite asiza ekutholeni amabhange de peces Lokhu kufaka phakathi izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula ezivumela abadobi ukuthi baqophe ukubamba, ubukhulu, kanye nezindawo zokudoba ngesikhathi sangempela. Konke lokhu kungasiza ekuphathweni kwezinsiza ngendlela enembile, uma nje zisetshenziswa ngendlela efanele hhayi ukuze zisetshenziswe kabi. ukusunduza imingcele yesimiso sezinto eziphilayo ngisho nangaphezulu.
Uma sibheka lo mlando omude wonkana, kusukela kulabo bantu ababebamba izinhlanzi ngezandla zabo emachibini angajulile kuya emikhunjini yanamuhla eyinkimbinkimbi elawulwa yizivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, ukudoba olwandle kubonakala njengesibuko sobudlelwano bethu nemvelo: ingxube yobuhlakani, isidingo, ukomela ingcebo, futhi, ngokwandayo, ukuqaphela ubuthakathaka. Inselele enkulu yamashumi eminyaka ezayo kuzoba ukuqinisekisa ukuthi lo msebenzi omdala uyaqhubeka nokuba umthombo wokudla, isiko, kanye nomsebenzi ngaphandle kokuqeda ulwandle olukwenza kube nokwenzeka.
