Phakathi kwemikhomo enamazinyo, sithola umkhomo we-beluga . Igama lawo elifanele lesayensi yi- Delphinapterus leucas , futhi lingelomndeni wakwaMonodontidae , kanye ne-narwhal. Into yokuqala ekhanga iso umbala omhlophe wesikhumba sawo, isici esisithola lapho sikhula; lapho sizalwa, siba mpunga noma sibe nsundu ngokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, sinekhanda eliyindilinga elinekhabe elivelele ( isitho esiyinhloko lapho sizwakala khona) futhi asinayo iphiko lomgogodla , izici ezenza kube sobala.
Ngaphandle kokubukeka kwayo, lolu hlobo lunezindlela ezihlukile zokujwayela i-Arctic , umculo omangalisayo owenze lwabizwa ngokuthi " i-canary of the sea ," kanye nokuziphatha okuhlukile komphakathi. Ufuna ukufunda okwengeziwe ngomkhomo we-beluga? Sizokutshela konke lapha.
Izici eziyinhloko
Phakathi kwezici zayo eziphawulekayo ukungabikho kwephiko lomgogodla ; esikhundleni salokho, linomphetho oqinile womgogodla ovumela ukuthi ikwazi ukuhamba ngaphansi kweqhwa futhi iphule ngisho nama-crusts amancane ukuze iphefumule. Ayinawo ukubukeka okuhlelekile kakhulu kwamanye ama-cetacean; umzimba wayo uqinile futhi ufana ne-fusiform , unephiko lomgogodla elifushane, eliyindilinga kanye nephiko lomsila elinama-lobes ahlukile. Ngokuvamile zakha amaqembu abantu abangaba yi-10 , futhi ehlobo zingabuthana ngamaqoqo amakhulu noma izinkulungwane emifuleni nasemanzini angajulile asogwini.
Ibonisa ukungafani kobulili okucacile : abesilisa, ngokwesilinganiso, bakhulu ngama-25% kunabesifazane. Abesilisa ngokuvamile bafinyelela ubude obusukela kumamitha angu-3,5 kuya kwangu-5,5 (ngobukhulu obusondela kumamitha angu-6) futhi banesisindo esingaba ngu- 1.100–1.600 kg , kuyilapho abesifazane befinyelela amamitha angu-3–4 ubude kanye no -700–1.200 kg . Zombili ubulili ziyaqhubeka zikhula kuze kube yilapho cishe zineminyaka eyi-10 ubudala , lapho zivame ukufinyelela khona ubukhulu bazo obuphezulu.
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile zokusinda emanzini abandayo ungqimba lwawo lwama-bulber (amafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba) , olungamela phakathi kuka- 40-50% wesisindo somzimba wawo futhi lufinyelele ku- 15 cm ubukhulu . Lokhu kugcinwa kusebenza njengokuvikela ukushisa kanye nesitolo samandla. Ngenxa yokuthi aqinile, ukugoba kwamafutha kungabonakala ohlangothini lwawo lwesisu, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala abondlekile kahle.
Umbala omhlophe awukho lapho uzalwa. Amaphuphu anombala ompunga omnyama kuya konsundu futhi kancane kancane akhanya abe mhlophe, okuyindlela ephumelelayo yokucasha phakathi kweqhwa neqhwa lolwandle. Lo mbala awugcini nje ngobuhle: unciphisa ukubonakala kwezilwane ezidla ezinye njenge-orcas namabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo.
Isikhathi sokuphila kwazo ngokwemvelo sivame ukudlula iminyaka engamashumi amane , futhi kuye kwabhalwa ukuthi abantu abaneminyaka engu-70-80 ubudala , yize izilinganiso zakudala zisikisela cishe iminyaka engamashumi amathathu. Ngokomlando, ubudala bulinganiswa ngokubala izendlalelo ze-dentin ne-cementum emazinyweni.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa
Umkhomo we-beluga unendlebe ebukhali kakhulu , futhi uzwela emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu emvamisa (amashumi e-kHz), adlula kakhulu awabantu. Njengeminye imikhomo enamazinyo, umsindo uhanjiswa endlebeni ephakathi ngokusebenzisa amafutha emhlathini ongezansi , okwenza kube ngcono ukuqonda ngaphansi kwamanzi. Lokhu kusebenza kokuzwa kusekela indawo yawo enamandla yokuzwa : ukhipha izitimela zokuchofoza, lapho udlula ekhaleni , ugxile njengomsebe we-acoustic, ugxume ezintweni, bese ubuyela njengamazwi okuvuselela indawo, ukuthola inyamazane, noma ukuhlukanisa ama-polynya (izikhala eqhweni) okufanele uphefumule ngawo.
Ukubona kwazo kuyasebenza kokubili ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamanzi . Amehlo azo akhipha into enamafutha e-gelatinous, evikela ubuso bamehlo ezifweni ezibangelwa amagciwane kanye nezinhlayiya eziphuma emoyeni, futhi ezisiza ukugcina zigcotshwe. Nakuba ubukhali bazo bokubona bungahambisani nobezinye izinhlengethwane, ama-beluga ajwayelene kahle nezimo zokukhanya okuphansi , futhi kunezinkomba zokuthi zingakwazi ukuhlukanisa imibala ethile.
Ama-chemoreceptor akwazi ukuhlukanisa ukunambitheka atholakale ezilimini zawo , okubonisa umuzwa wokunambitha osebenzayo . Ngokuphambene nalokho, njengakwamanye ama-whale amaningi anamazinyo, awanalo uhlelo oluthuthukisiwe lokunuka . Umuzwa wawo wokuthinta uyamangalisa: abonisa ukukhetha ukuthintana ngokomzimba namanye amalungu ohlobo lwawo, evame ukukhuhlana; ungqimba lwamafutha alunciphisi ukuzwela kwawo.
Imisindo yazo icebile kakhulu: zihlanganisa amakhwela, ama-squeak, ama-trill, ama-chirps, nama-cackle , azwakala ngisho naphezu kolwandle lapho ziseduze. Lo mculo oyingqayizivele uye wazenzela igama lesidlaliso elithi "canaries of the sea ." Ngaphezu kokuxhumana, zisebenzisa futhi le misindo ukuthola inyamazane ngokusebenzisa i-echolocation. Ukwehluka kwezindawo kwezinye izingcingo kuye kwabhalwa phakathi kwabantu abancane, okuphakamisa "ama-accent" esifunda.
Ukondliwa kwemikhomo emhlophe
Umkhomo i-beluga uyindlela yokudla enikeza amathuba enokudla okuhlukahluka kuye ngesifunda kanye nesizini. Ngokuyinhloko udla izinhlanzi (isb., i-Arctic cod, i-herring, i-salmon, i-capelin, i-halibut, nezinye) kanye nezilwane ezingenamgogodla njenge-shrimp, izinkalankala, ama-clam, iminenke, i-squid, kanye ne-octopus . Lapho ziboshiwe, kulinganiselwa ukuthi zidla u-2,5-3% wesisindo somzimba wazo ngosuku, okuyindawo ewusizo yokubhekisela ekuqondeni izidingo zazo zamandla aphezulu.
Nakuba inamazinyo, lawa aqinile futhi mancane ; awakwazi ukuchoboza noma ukudabula inyamazane enkulu. Isu layo eliyinhloko ukumunca : ikhiqiza ingcindezi engemihle ukuze idonse ukudla bese ikugwinya konke . Ezinqeni ezithambile, igubha ngomlomo wayo, ishintshanisa ukumunca kanye namajethi amanzi ukuze ikhiphe indle futhi iveze inyamazane egqitshiwe.
Ukufuna ukudla kwenziwa kokubili ngabanye namaqembu. ukubambisanaEmanzini angashoni angazungeza a banco de peces futhi ubaqhubele ezindaweni ezingashoni ukuze unciphise ikhono labo lokuphunyuka, bashintshane ngokubabamba. Uma kudingeka ukudla, ziyakwazi ukutshuza njalo futhi zifinyelele ekujuleni okukhulu ngaphakathi kwebanga le-mesopelagic.
Ezindaweni zemvelo zase-Arctic, futhi ikakhulukazi lapho zihlangana, ama-beluga angacindezela kakhulu izinsiza zendawo, yize lo msebenzi ulinganiselwe ngaphakathi kwezindawo zokudla lapho futhi esebenza khona njengezisulu zezilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye.
Ukuziphatha
Nakuba umzimba wayo omkhulu ungewona onamandla kakhulu ohlobo lwayo, umkhomo i-beluga uvumela ukukwazi ukuhamba kalula . Amathambo awo omlomo wesibeletho awahlanganisiwe , okwenza ukuba ujikeleze ikhanda lawo phezulu, phansi, nangaseceleni ngendlela engavamile kuma-cetacean, ewusizo ekulandeleni izilwane ezidlayo olwandle oluyinkimbinkimbi noma phakathi kweqhwa. Isivinini sawo esivamile sokuhamba ngezinyawo singamakhilomitha angu -3–9 ngehora , futhi ungandisa lesi sivinini isikhathi esifushane.
Okwenza zibe ezikhethekile uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye imikhomo yikhono lazo lokubhukuda zibuyela emuva . Zichitha isikhathi sazo esiningi emanzini asebenzayo, angajulile futhi azivamile ukwenza imibukiso yasemoyeni efana namahlengethwa noma ama-orca. Nokho, zingababhukudi abahle kakhulu : zifinyelela kalula ekujuleni kwamamitha angamakhulu ekujuleni okukodwa futhi zigcina ibanga elingamamitha angaba ngu -20-40 ekujuleni phansi okuphindaphindiwe.
Ngesikhathi sokuntywila, banciphisa izinga lokushaya kwenhliziyo yabo futhi babeka phambili ukugeleza kwegazi ebuchosheni, emaphashini nasenhliziyweni. Imisipha yabo igcina inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo ngenxa ye- myoglobin , futhi igazi labo linokuqukethwe okuphezulu komoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe . Lokhu, kanye nokuphathwa kahle kokugcinwa, kubavumela ukuba bahlale ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eminingi ngaphandle kokuphuma ukuze baphefumule.
Ziyizilwane ezixhumana kakhulu nabantu : ziyaxoshana, ziyadlala, zithintane, futhi zenze ngisho " namathoyizi " ngezinto ezintantayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zibonisa ilukuluku elikhulu ngabantu futhi zivame ukusondela ezikebheni, ngakho-ke ukuqaphela ngobuqotho kubalulekile.
Ukusabalalisa, indawo yokuhlala kanye nokufuduka
Imikhomo yaseBeluga ihlala endaweni ebanzi yoLwandlekazi i-Arctic kanye nolwandle oluseduze nayo, idlulela ezindaweni ezingaphansi kwe-Arctic futhi, ngezinye izikhathi, iye ezindaweni ezifudumele zaseNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Itholakala ikakhulukazi e -Alaska, eCanada, eGreenland, naseRussia , futhi ikhona eziqhingini zase-Arctic ezifana neSvalbard. Ingasebenzisa izindawo eziningi ezahlukene, kusukela emanzini ajulile ogwini kuya ogwini olungajulile, emachibini nasezindaweni zomfula . Ezinye izilwane ziyahamba ngemifula yamanzi ahlanzekile ehlobo, zihamba amakhulu amakhilomitha phezulu komfula.
Izinhlobo eziningi ezincane ziyafuduka . Ebusika, zibekezelela ukumbozwa yiqhwa futhi zisebenzisa imisele nama-polynya ukuphefumula. Lapho iqhwa libuyela emuva, lithuthela ezindaweni zokungena kwamanzi kanye nasogwini lapho lincibilika khona, lizalela khona, futhi lihlangane nabantu. Imizila yokufuduka ingadluliselwa kusuka kumama iye ebantwaneni , inqubo yokufunda amasiko eqinisa ukwethembeka ezindaweni ezibalulekile. Ezinye izinhlobo ezincane zihlala kakhulu futhi zigcina amazinga azinzile unyaka wonke.
Uboya obumhlophe nokuchitheka kwesizini
Isikhumba esimhlophe esidumile se-beluga asimi ndawonye. Njengoba sikhula, amathole ampunga kancane kancane aba mhlophe, ekugcineni afinyelele umbala wawo ohlukile we-ivory . I-epidermis ibonisa iphethini yokubola kwesizini : ngemva kobusika, isikhumba singase sibe phuzi ngenxa yokuqina komphezulu; ehlobo, lapho singena emifuleni nasemifuleni, ama-beluga ayakhuhlana namatshe aqoshiwe ukuze akhiphe amaqabunga futhi aveze ungqimba olusha, olucwebezelayo. Le nqubo isekela kokubili ukuqina kokushisa kanye nobuqotho besikhumba ngokumelene nama-microorganisms.
Ukukhiqiza kanye nomjikelezo wempilo
Amaduna avame ukufinyelela ukuvuthwa ngokocansi phakathi kweminyaka engu-4 nengu-7 ubudala , kanti amasikazi angafinyelela eminyakeni engu -9 ubudala . Ukuhlangana kwenzeka ikakhulukazi kusukela ekupheleni kobusika kuya entwasahlobo , futhi ukukhulelwa kuthatha izinyanga ezingu-12 kuya kwezingu-15 (izikhathi ezinde kancane zibhalwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo). Ngokwesilinganiso, amasikazi azala inzalo eyodwa njalo eminyakeni engu-2-3 , kanti amazinga okuzalwa aphezulu ahlukahluka ngokwesifunda.
Amaphuphu azalwa cishe ubude obuyi-1,5 m futhi anesisindo esingaba ngu- 80 kg . Ayakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha futhi adle ngaphansi kwamanzi kungakapheli amahora ambalwa. Ukunakekelwa okukhethekile kuvame ukuhlala cishe unyaka, futhi ukuthembela kunganwetshwa kuze kube yizinyanga ezingu-20 noma ngaphezulu . Kuye kwabonwa amacala okunakekelwa ngabazali ngabanye abesifazane , ukuziphatha okubambisanayo okuvamile kwezinhlobo zomphakathi.
Izilinganiso zakudala ziphakamise ukuthi isilinganiso sokuphila singaba yiminyaka engama-30 , kodwa izifundo zakamuva zibonise ukuthi ama-beluga amaningi adlula kalula iminyaka engama-40 , kanti amanye afinyelela eminyakeni engama-70-80 . Ngokomlando, ubudala bulinganiswa ngokubala izendlalelo ze-dentin ne-cementum emazinyweni, yize amasu enziwe ngcono ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba.
Abadlwenguli kanye nezinsongo
Ama-Beluga anezilwane ezimbili ezinkulu zemvelo ezidla ezinye : imikhomo ebulalayo namabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo . Imikhomo ebulalayo izingela amathole kanye nama-akhulile ezindaweni eziningi zohlobo lwawo. Amabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo, ngokwawo, angase alandele ama-beluga abanjwe eqhweni ebusika noma awamangaze njengoba ephuma emithonjeni yokuphefumula; kuye kwaba namacala aqoshiwe okubanjwa kwezilwane ezinkulu.
Imisebenzi yabantu yenezela ezinye izingcindezi : ukuzingela okuziphilisa okulawulwayo kuyingxenye yesiko labantu abaningana bomdabu basenyakatho; kwezinye izindawo zokungena emanzini, ukungcola okuvela ezinsimbi ezisindayo kanye namakhemikhali emvelo aqhubekayo kuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngempilo yabantu abathile abangaphansi komhlaba; umsindo ongaphansi kwamanzi ovela emikhunjini nasemisebenzini yezimboni uphazamisa ukuxhumana kanye nendawo yokuxhumana; futhi ukuguqulwa kweqhwa lolwandle kungashintsha ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezibalulekile kanye nokuchayeka ezitheni. Ngakho-ke, ukuphathwa okuguquguqukayo kanye nokuqapha inani labantu kubalulekile.
Ukubukeka ngaphandle kobubanzi bawo obujwayelekile
Nakuba ukusabalala kwazo okuyinhloko kuyi-Arctic kanye ne-subarctic, izilwane ezilahlekile ngezinye izikhathi ziqoshwa kude kakhulu nobubanzi bazo obujwayelekile. Lokhu kubonwa kwenzeke ezindaweni zaseYurophu , ogwini lwe -Atlantic kanye nolwePacific eNyakatho Melika , kanye naseMpumalanga Asia . Izimbangela zingafaka phakathi iziphepho, izinkinga zempilo, noma ukuhlola, futhi lezi ngokuvamile ziyizehlakalo ezihlukile ezidala isithakazelo esikhulu.
Ukongiwa kanye nesimo sabantu
Emhlabeni jikelele, umkhomo we-beluga awubhekwa njengosengozini enkulu, yize isimo sawo esisemthethweni singahluka kuye ngomthombo kanye nokubuyekezwa . Nokho, okuvumelanayo ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo ezincane zezilwane zisengozini noma zisesimweni esiyingozi, njengalezo ezisezindaweni ezithile zokungena kwamanzi noma emifuleni, lapho izici eziqongelelwe ngokomlando (njengokubanjwa kwangaphambilini, ukungcola, noma ukuphazamiseka komsindo) ziye zanciphisa ukubuya kwazo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ezinye izinhlobo ezincane zezilwane zibonisa ubukhulu obukhulu nobuzinzile . Lokhu kudinga indlela yokulondolozwa esekwe kuyunithi , enezinyathelo ezenzelwe iqembu ngalinye.
Ukubuka okunomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nobudlelwano nabantu
AmaBeluga anesithakazelo futhi kwezinye izindawo asondela ezikebheni, okukhuthaza imisebenzi yezokuvakasha kwezemvelo . Ukuwabuka kunenani elikhulu lemfundo, kodwa kudinga umthwalo wemfanelo: gcina ibanga eliphephile , gwema ukushintsha okusheshayo kwesivinini noma indlela, ungavimbeli indlela yawo, unciphise umsindo , futhi-ke, ungazondli noma uthinte izilwane. Lezi zimiso zinciphisa ukucindezeleka futhi zikhuthaza ukuhlangana okuphephile kwawo wonke umuntu.
Ezikhungweni ezigunyaziwe, amanye ama-beluga ahlala evalelwe ngezinjongo zemfundo nocwaningo, yize ukuzalanisa ngaphandle kwe-situ kube nempumelelo encane. Izinhlelo zamanje zigcizelela inhlalakahle , ucwaningo olusetshenzisiwe (isb., i-acoustic noma i-physiology yokuntywila), kanye nokukhulisa ukuqwashisa komphakathi mayelana nokulondolozwa kwe-Arctic.
Njengoba inhle, inezwi, futhi ifanelana kahle neqhwa, umkhomo i-beluga ubonisa ubuhlakani bokuphila endaweni ebucayi kakhulu. Ukufuduka kwayo , i-molt yayo yasehlobo , ubuhlakani bayo bezenhlalo , kanye nezwi layo elithi "sea canary" kwenza kube ngesinye sezidalwa ezidumile kakhulu e-Arctic. Ngocwaningo oluqhubekayo kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela eziqondiswe kubantu abathile, sizoqhubeka nokujabulela ukuba khona kwayo olwandle olusenyakatho yezwe izizukulwane ezizayo.