Phakathi kwe-odontocete cetaceans sithola Umkhoma Omhlophe noma i-beluga. Igama layo lesayensi elilungile lithi I-Delphinapterus leucas, futhi ungowomndeni I-Monodontidae eduze kwe-narwhal. Into yokuqala edonsa amehlo yi- Umbala omhlophe esikhumbeni sabo, isici abasithola lapho sebekhulile; ekuzalweni ziba mpunga noma zibe nsundu ngokuluhlaza. Ngaphezu kwalokho, banekhanda eliyindilinga elinophawu oluvelele ikhabe (isitho esibalulekile ku-echolocation) futhi siyashoda i-dorsal finizici ezenza kucace.
Ngaphandle kokubukeka kwayo, lolu hlobo luyanqwabelana ukujwayela okuhlukile kwe-Arctic, iculo elimangalisayo aziwa ngalo ngokuthi “i-sea canary", kanye nokuziphatha komphakathi okuphawuleka kakhulu. Ufuna ukwazi okwengeziwe ngomkhomo we-beluga? Sizokutshela konke lapha."
Izici eziyinhloko
Phakathi kwezinto eziwuhlukanisayo kuyagqama ukuthi ayinalo i-dorsal fin; esikhundleni sethula a i-dorsal crest eqinile okwenza kube lula ukuthi ihambe ngaphansi kweqhwa futhi igqekeze oqweqwe oluncane ukuze iphefumule. Futhi ayinakho ukubukeka okuncane kakhulu kwamanye ama-cetaceans; umzimba wayo uqinile futhi fusiforme, enamaphiko amafushane, ayindilinga e-pectoral kanye ne-caudal fin enama-lobe sici. Ngokuvamile bakha amaqembu e abantu abangaba ngu-10nasehlobo bangahlangana ukuhlanganiswa kwamakhulu noma izinkulungwane emachwebeni nasogwini olungashoni.
Iveza ngokucacile i-dimorphism yezocansi: Abesilisa, ngokwesilinganiso, bakhulu ngo-25% kunabesifazane. Ubude babesilisa ngokuvamile buphakathi 3,5 namamitha ayi-5,5 (nobukhulu obusondele ku-6 m) futhi isisindo sayo sizungezile 1.100-1.600 kgkuyilapho abesifazane befinyelela 3-4 m y 700-1.200 kgBobabili ubulili bukhula cishe iminyaka 10, isikhathi lapho ngokuvamile zifinyelela usayizi wazo omkhulu.
Esinye sezihluthulelo zayo ezinkulu zokusinda emanzini aneqhwa yiwo ungqimba lwamafutha (amafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba)ezingamela phakathi kwe 40-50% wesisindo somzimba futhi ufinyelele cishe 15 cm ubukhuluLesi sivikelo sisebenza njengesivikeli esishisayo nanjengesitolo samandla. Ukuba namandla, kuyabonakala ukugoqa amafutha endaweni ye-ventral, ikakhulukazi kubantu abadala abondlekile kahle.
Umbala omhlophe awukho ekuzalweni. Amaphuphu anombala ompunga okumnyama kuya kunsundu futhi kancane kancane akhanye abe mhlophe. sifihle ngempumelelo phakathi kweqhwa neqhwa lolwandle. Lo mbala awuwona nje ubuhle kuphela: unciphisa ukubonakala ebusweni beqhwa neqhwa lolwandle. izidlakela njengama-orcas namabhere amhlophe.
Su impilo ende imvelo ivame ukudlula amashumi amane eminyaka futhi abantu ngabanye baye babhalwa bafinyelela ku Iminyaka engu-70-80, nakuba izilinganiso zakudala ziphakamise ubude bempilo cishe amashumi amathathu eminyaka. Ubudala bulinganiselwa ngokomlando kusetshenziswa i- ukubala izingqimba ze-dentin ne-cementum emazinyweni.
Ukusetshenziswa kwezinzwa
I-beluga ine-a ukuzwa okubuhlungu ngokungavamile, enokuzwela kububanzi befrikhwensi ephezulu kakhulu (amashumi e-kHz), ngaphezu kwabantu. Njengamanye ama-odontocete, ukuqhutshwa komsindo endlebeni ephakathi kungenziwa amafutha emhlathini ongezansi, okwandisa ukuqonda emanzini. Lokhu kusebenza kokuzwa kusekela amandla ayo amakhulu kakhulu i-echolocation: ikhipha izitimela zokuchofoza lokho, lapho uwela ikhabe, zigxile njenge-acoustic beam, zigxuma izinto bese zibuyela njengama-echoes ukuze kwakhiwe kabusha indawo ezungezile, kutholwe inyamazane noma ukuhlukanisa. i-polynias (izivulo eqhweni) okufanele uphefumule ngazo.
Umbono wakhe ukusebenza ngaphakathi nangaphandle kwamanziAmehlo akhipha into ethile gelatinous futhi amafutha evikela i-ocular surface kumagciwane nezinhlayiya ezihamba emoyeni, futhi isiza ukuzigcina zigcotshiwe. Nakuba i-acuity yawo ingafani neyamanye amahlengethwa, ama-beluga ajwayelana kahle nawo izimo zokukhanya okuphansi, futhi kunezinkomba zokuthi zazikwazi ukuhlukanisa okuthile imibala.
Ngolimi abahlonziwe ama-chemoreceptors ekwazi ukuhlukanisa ama-flavour, okuphakamisa ukuthi a umuzwa wokunambitha ukusebenza. Ngokuphambene nalokho, njengama-odontocetes amaningi, abanalo a uhlelo lokuhogela ithuthukisiwe. Ukuthinta kuyamangalisa: bayabonisa okuncamelayo ukuthintana ngokomzimba phakathi kwamalungu ohlobo olufanayo, ukuhlikihla njalo; ungqimba lwamafutha alunciphisi ukuzwela kwabo.
Ukuphimisa kwabo kucebile ikakhulukazi: bahlanganisa amakhwela, amakhwela, ama-trills, ama-cackles, izwakala ngisho nangaphezulu uma iseduze. Le repertoire eyingqayizivele ibenze baqanjwa ngokuthi “AmaCanaries of the Sea”Ngaphezu kokuxhumana, ngale misindo benza nemisebenzi ye ukucinga inyamazane ngokusebenzisa i-echolocation. Alotshiwe ukuhlukahluka kwezindawo kwezinye izingcingo phakathi kwe-subpopulations, okuphakamisa "ama-accents" esifunda.
Ukondliwa kwemikhomo emhlophe
Ibhelu a osomathuba ngokudla okuhluka ngokuya ngesifunda kanye nenkathi. Idla kakhulu inhlanzi (isb. I-Arctic cod, i-herring, i-salmon, i-capelin, i-halibut nezinye), kanye ezingenamgogodla njengezimfanzi, izinkalankala, izimbaza, iminenke, ingwane kanye nengwaneEkuthunjweni, kulinganiselwa ukuthi badla 2,5-3% wesisindo somzimba wakho ngosuku, inkomba ewusizo yokuqonda isidingo sayo samandla aphezulu.
Nakuba inamazinyo, lawa buthuntu futhi mncane uma kuqhathaniswa; aziyichobozi noma ziklebhule inyamazane enkulu. Isu labo eliyinhloko ukumuncaBakha ingcindezi engalungile yokuheha ukudla kanye ... gwinya lonkeEzinqeni ezithambile zimba ngemilomo yazo, ukumunca okushintshanayo kanye namajethi amanzi ukuze kuxoshwe inzika futhi kuvezwe. amadamu angcwatshwe.
Ukufuna ukudla kwenziwa kokubili ngabanye namaqembu. ukubambisanaEmanzini angashoni angazungeza a banco de peces futhi ubaqhubele ezindaweni ezingashoni ukuze unciphise ikhono labo lokuphunyuka, bashintshane ngokubabamba. Uma kudingeka ukudla, ziyakwazi ukutshuza njalo futhi zifinyelele ekujuleni okukhulu ngaphakathi kwebanga le-mesopelagic.
Kuma-ecosystem e-Arctic, futhi ikakhulukazi uma ehlanganiswe ndawonye, ama-beluga angasebenzisa a umfutho obonakalayo ezinsizeni zendawo, nakuba lo msebenzi ubhalansiswa ngaphakathi kwama-food webs lapho nawo adlala indima presa yezilwane ezidla ezinye ezinkulu.
Ukuziphatha
Nakuba umzimba wayo omningi ungeyona i-hydrodynamic ye-oda, i-beluga inxephezela ukuhamba. I-vertebrae yakho yomlomo wesibeletho azihlanganisiweeyivumela ukuthi ijikeleze ikhanda phezulu, phansi nasemaceleni Ngenkululeko yokuhamba engajwayelekile kuma-cetaceans, ewusizo ekulandeleni inyamazane ezindaweni eziyinkimbinkimbi zolwandle noma phakathi kweqhwa. Isivinini sayo esijwayelekile sokuhamba ngomkhumbi siseduze 3-9 km / hfuthi angayikhulisa isikhathi esifushane.
Yini eyenza kube ekhethekile uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye imikhomo yikhono bhukuda emuvaBachitha ingxenye enhle yesikhathi sabo amanzi asebenzayo futhi ayijulile, futhi ayivamile ukwenza imibukiso yasemoyeni efana namahlengethwa noma i-orcas. Kodwa-ke, abatshuzi abahle kakhuluBanqoba kalula amakhulu amamitha kuma-dive athile, futhi ulondoloze amabanga cishe 20-40 m ekusesheni okuphindaphindiwe ngemuva.
Ngesikhathi diving, banciphisa ukushaya kwenhliziyo futhi ibeke phambili ukugeleza kwegazi ebuchosheni, emaphashini, nasenhliziyweni. Imisipha yabo igcina inani elikhulu lomoya-mpilo sibonga i-myoglobin, futhi igazi lakhe linikeza a okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-oxygen ncibilika. Lokhu, kanye nokuphathwa kahle kwe-reserve, kuyabavumela hlala ngaphansi kwamanzi imizuzu eminingi ngaphandle kokuphuma ukuphefumula.
Ziyizilwane social kakhulu: bayasukelana, bayadlala, bayakhuhlana futhi baze benze “Amajuji"ngezinto ezintantayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, zikhombisa okukhulu ilukuluku ngabantu futhi bavame ukuya ezikebheni, ngakho ukuqaphela ngokucophelela kubalulekile.
Ukusabalalisa, indawo yokuhlala kanye nokufuduka
Belugas uhlala a indawo ebanzi ye-Arctic Ocean nezilwandle zayo ezincikene, ifinyelela ku izindawo ezingaphansi kwe-arctic futhi ngisho, ngezikhathi ezithile, ezindaweni ezipholile ze-northern hemisphere. Zitholakala ikakhulukazi ku E-Alaska, eCanada, eGreenland naseRussianokuba khona eziqhingini zase-Arctic ezifana ne-Svalbard. Bangasebenzisa kusuka i-deepwater offshore up ugu olungajulile, amachweba namachwebaAbanye abantu bahamba bekhuphuka imifula enamanzi ahlanzekile ehlobo, behamba amakhulu amakhilomitha enhla nomfula.
Abantu abaningi abancane bakhona ukufudukaEbusika, bayakhuthazela ikhava yeqhwa futhi bayasebenzisa imisele kanye polynyas ukuphefumula. Lapho iqhwa lihlehla, bayasondela amachweba nezigu lapho bamolt, bazalana futhi bahlanganyele. Imizila efudukayo ingadluliselwa kusuka umama enzalweniInqubo yokufunda yamasiko eqinisa ukwethembeka ezindaweni ezibalulekile. Amanye ama-subpopulations amaningi izakhamuzi kanye nokugcina izindawo ezinzile unyaka wonke.
Uboya obumhlophe nokuchitheka kwesizini
Isikhumba esimhlophe se-beluga asimile. Ngokukhula, amathole ampunga kancane kancane aphaphatheka aze afinyelele umbala wawo ogcwele. isici sendlovuI-epidermis ibonisa iphethini ye i-molt yonyakaNgemuva kobusika, isikhumba singaphenduka okuphuzi ngenxa yokuqina kwendawo; ehlobo, lapho ungena emifuleni nemifula, ama-belugas hlikihla ngetshe kanye nama-substrates aqinile exfoliate futhi uveze ungqimba olusha, olucwebezelayo. Le nqubo isekela kokubili i-thermoregulation njengobuqotho besikhumba ngokumelene nama-microorganisms.
Ukukhiqiza kanye nomjikelezo wempilo
Ukuvuthwa ngokocansi kwabesilisa kuvame ukufinyelelwa phakathi Iminyaka ye-4 ne-7, kanti kwabesifazane kungathatha isikhathi eside iminyaka 9. the ukukopishana Kwenzeka ikakhulukazi kusuka ekupheleni kobusika kuya entwasahlobokanye ukukhulelwa kunzima Izinyanga ezine kuya kweziyi-12 (amanani aphezulu athi alotshwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo). Ngokwesilinganiso, abesifazane bazala a inzalo eyodwa njalo eminyakeni engu-2-3, enenani eliphakeme ekuzalweni elihluka ngokwesifunda.
Abancane bazalwa cishe 1,5 m futhi cishe 80 kgBayakwazi ukubhukuda ngokushesha futhi Zidla ngaphansi kwamanzi emahoreni ambalwa. ukuncelisa Ukwelashwa okukhethekile ngokuvamile kuthatha isikhathi esingangonyaka, futhi ukuncika kungadlulela kuye 20 imiz. Amacala abhekiwe ukunakekelwa kwe-alloparental ngabanye abantu besifazane, ukuziphatha ngokubambisana okujwayelekile kwezinhlobo zomphakathi.
Izilinganiso zakudala zakhuluma ngesigamu sempilo yendawo yonke iminyaka 30, kodwa izifundo ezalandela zibonise ukuthi ama-beluga amaningi adlula kalula 40 kanti abanye bayafika Iminyaka engu-70-80. the ubudala Ngokomlando ibalwa ngokubala izingqimba ze-dentin ne-cementum emazinyweni, nakuba amasu aye acwengwa ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukunemba.
Abadlwenguli kanye nezinsongo
Ama-Beluga anamabili amakhulu izilwane ezidla ezinye: imikhomo yokubulala futhi i amabhere polarAma-Orcas azingela kokubili amathole namadala ezindaweni eziningi zebanga lawo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amabhere ase-Polar angase ahlahle ama-beluga. abanjwe yiqhwa ebusika noma ubamangaze njengoba bephuma entubeni; ukuthunjwa kwabantu abakhulu kuye kwabhalwa.
Umsebenzi womuntu uyengeza izingcindezi ezengeziweUkuzingela ukuziphilisa okulawulwayo kuyingxenye yesiko labantu bomdabu abambalwa bomdabu enyakatho; kwezinye izizalo zemifula, i ukungcola ngezinsimbi ezisindayo kanye nezinhlanganisela eziphilayo eziphikelelayo kuye kwaphakamisa ukukhathazeka ngempilo yamanani amancane athile; i umsindo ongaphansi kwamanzi kusukela emikhunjini kanye nemisebenzi yezimboni kuphazamisa ukuxhumana kanye ne-echolocation; futhi izinguquko eqhweni lasolwandle Bangakwazi ukushintsha ukufinyelela ezindaweni ezibalulekile kanye nokuchayeka ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye. Ngakho-ke, ukuphatha okuguquguqukayo kanye nokuqapha inani labantu kubalulekile.
Ukubukeka ngaphandle kobubanzi bawo obujwayelekile
Nakuba ukusatshalaliswa kwayo okuyinhloko kuyi-Arctic ne-subarctic, ziyaqoshwa ngezikhathi ezithile abantu abazulazulayo kude ne-geography yayo evamile. Lezi zibonakaliso zenzeke phakathi Amachweba aseYurophu, izifunda ze I-Atlantic nePacific yaseNyakatho Melika futhi ku EMpumalanga AsiaIzimbangela zingabandakanya iziphepho, izinkinga zempilo, noma ukuhlola, futhi ngokuvamile kuyizehlakalo ezingazodwa ezidala isithakazelo esikhulu.
Ukongiwa kanye nesimo sabantu
Emhlabeni jikelele, i-beluga whale ayibhekwa njengesesigabeni esiyingozi kakhulu, nakuba isimo sawo esisemthethweni singahluka kuye ngokuthi umthombo nokubuyekezaOkuhambisanayo yilokho amanye ama-subpopulations abahlakaniphileyo esatshiswa noma esimweni esithambile, njengasezindaweni zemifula noma izintuba ezithile, lapho izici ezinqwabelene ngokomlando (njengezinto ezibanjiwe ngaphambili, ukungcola, noma ukuphazamiseka komsindo) zikhawulele ukululama kwazo. Ngokuphambene, amanye ama-subpopulations abonisa osayizi abakhulu nezinzileLokhu kudinga a indlela yokonga esekelwe kuyunithi, ngezinyathelo ezenzelwe iqembu ngalinye.
Ukubuka okunomthwalo wemfanelo kanye nobudlelwano nabantu
Belugas ngifuna ukwazi futhi kwezinye izifunda basondela ezikebheni, ezikhuthaza imisebenzi yokudoba i-ecotourismUkuzibheka kunenzuzo enkulu yemfundo, kodwa kudinga umthwalo wemfanelo: ukunakekela ibanga elanele, gwema ukushintsha okungazelelwe kwejubane noma isiqondiso, ungavimbeli i-trajectory yayo, ukhawule umsindo futhi, Ungaphakeli noma uthinte ezilwaneni. Lezi zimiso zinciphisa ingcindezi futhi zikhuthaze ukuhlangana okuphephile kwawo wonke umuntu.
Ezikhungweni ezigunyaziwe, amanye ama-beluga ahlala kuwo ukuthunjwa ngezinjongo zemfundo nocwaningo, nakuba ukukhiqizwa kabusha kwe-ex situ kube nemiphumela elinganiselwe. Izinhlelo zamanje zigcizelela inhlalakahle, ucwaningo olusetshenzisiwe (isibonelo, i-acoustics noma i-diving physiology) kanye nokuqwashisa umphakathi mayelana nokongiwa kwe-Arctic.
Elegant, vocal, futhi ifaneleka ngokuphelele ice, the Umkhoma Omhlophe Ihlanganisa ubuhlakani bokuphila endaweni eyingozi kakhulu. ukufuduka, it i-moult yasehlobo, it ukuhlakanipha komphakathi Futhi izwi lakhe elithi "sea canary" limenza omunye wabalingiswa abakhulu base-Arctic. Ngokucwaninga okuqhubekayo kanye izinyathelo zokuvikela Ngokuhlangana kwabantu abancane, sizoqhubeka nokujabulela ubukhona babo ezilwandle ezishisayo izizukulwane ngezizukulwane.