El Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokulwa namagciwane ekukhiqizweni kwe-salmon yaseChile Le nkinga iphinde yahlolwa, esimweni lapho abathengi baseYurophu naseSpain beqaphela kakhulu indlela izinhlanzi abazidlayo ezifuywa ngayo. Idatha yakamuva eshicilelwe yi-Chilean National Fisheries and Aquaculture Service (Sernapesca) inikeza umbono oningiliziwe wokusetshenziswa kwalezi zidakamizwa embonini yezolimo zasemanzini kuleli zwe laseNingizimu Melika.
Lo mbiko omusha osemthethweni Inikeza izibalo ezibuyekeziwe mayelana nama-antibiotic kanye nemithi yokulwa nezibungu. Lolu cwaningo lugxile emithini yokulwa namagciwane esetshenziswa ekulimeni i-salmon, ikakhulukazi emijikelezweni yokukhiqizwa kwamanzi olwandle kanye nasekuguqukeni kwamazinga okusetshenziswa kwamagciwane. Okutholakele akubalulekile eChile kuphela kodwa nakubangenisi e-European Union, lapho noma yikuphi ukuthuthuka okuhlobene nokumelana namagciwane (i-AMR) kuqashwe ngokucophelela ngaphansi kwendlela ye-WHO ethi "One Health".
Ingakanani imithi elwa namagciwane esetshenziswa ku-salmon yaseChile
Ngokusho kombhalo weSernapesca, ngo-2025 imboni ye-salmon eChile yaqasha Amathani angu-415,4 esithako esisebenzayo semithi yokulwa namagciwaneLokhu kumelela ukwanda okungu-18,3% uma kuqhathaniswa namathani angu-351,1 aqoshwe ngonyaka odlule. Nakuba ukwanda kungase kubonakale kubalulekile eYurophu, idatha ihunyushwa kangcono uma iqhathaniswa nenani eliphelele lokukhiqiza.
Lokhu kwenziwa kusetshenziswa i-Antimicrobial Consumption Index (ACI), ehlobanisa inani lama-antibiotic asetshenziswa ku-biomass evuniwe. Ngo-2025, i-ACI yayimi ku- 0,036%, okungukuthi, cishe amagremu angu-360 esithako esisebenzayo ngethani le-salmon elikhiqizwayoLesi sibalo simelela ukwanda okuncane uma kuqhathaniswa no-0,034% wonyaka odlule, kodwa kwenzeka esimweni somsebenzi okhiqiza kakhulu.
Ukwanda kokusetshenziswa ngokuphelele kwama-antibiotic kuhlobene ngqo ukwanda kwe-biomass evuniweUkukhiqizwa kwe-salmon kukhuphuke kusuka kumathani ayi-1.035.307 ngo-2024 kuya kumathani ayi-1.167.342 ngo-2025, okubonisa imboni ekhulayo kodwa egcine amazinga okufa aphansi ngo-1,5% kunangesikhathi esidlule, ngokusho kweziphathimandla zaseChile.
Uma sihlaziya uchungechunge lomlando kusukela ngo-2022, unyaka lapho ukuqapha ukusetshenziswa kwama-antimicrobial kwaqala khona uma sibheka umjikelezo ovaliwe, i-ICA ​​ibonise ukwehla okuhlanganisiwe okungu-19,5%Lokhu kwehla kwagxila kakhulu ngo-2023, lapho amazinga aphansi kakhulu okusetshenziswa ngethani ngalinye aqoshwe ezweni lonke afinyelelwa khona. Ukwehla okuncane kwenzeke ngo-2024 nango-2025, yize kungabuyelanga emazingeni okuqala.
Lokhu kuthuthukiswa kulandelwa ngentshisekelo yizimakethe ze-EU, lapho kunengcindezi ecacile yokulawula kanye neyomphakathi kubahlinzeki bezinhlanzi zasolwandle. kukhombisa ukuthambekela okuqhubekayo kokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibioticngenkathi kugcinwa inhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nokuphepha kokudla.
Umehluko ngezinhlobo ze-salmon kanye nomkhuba we-ICA
Umbiko awunikezi nje izibalo eziphelele, kodwa uchaza Ukuvela kwe-ICA ngezinhlobo ze-salmon ezifuywayoEndabeni ye-salmon yase-Atlantic, uhlobo olubaluleke kakhulu lokuthunyelwa eYurophu, amazinga ka-2025 asafana kakhulu nalawo ka-2024, ngaphandle kwezinguquko ezibalulekile ngokwezibalo.
Nge-rainbow trout, isimo sihlukile: I-ICA iyaqhubeka nokuthambekela kwayo okukhuphukayo, ngokunyuka okungu-14,57% ngo-2025. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, i-coho salmon iveza isimo esizinzile, ngamanani afana nalawo onyaka odlule, ngokusho kolwazi oluqoqwe yiSernapesca.
Lo mehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane usisiza siqonde kangcono ukuthi izinselele zempilo zigxile kuphi. Isibonelo, i-trout ingase ibhekane nayo izingcindezi zokuhlanzeka noma izimo zokukhula ezidinga ukusetshenziswa okukhulu kwezindlela zokwelapha, kuyilapho i-Atlantic salmon kanye ne-coho zithola ukuzinza okukhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwazo okulinganiselwe.
Kubathengi baseYurophu, ikakhulukazi eSpain, lapho i-salmon yaseChile itholakala khona kakhulu ezitolo ezinkulu kanye nasesiteshini se-HORECA, lokhu kuhlukaniswa ngezinhlobo kungaba usizo lapho... hlola izitifiketi, amalebula, kanye nezinhlelo zokuthuthukisa impilo ezisetshenziswa ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngohlobo lwe-salmon ethengiwe.
Yimaphi ama-antibiotic asetshenziswayo futhi yiziphi izifo?
Ngokuphathelene nohlobo lwemithi, isithombe sicacile kakhulu: i-florfenicol iyi-antimicrobial eyinhloko kwezolimo lwe-salmon yaseChile, okumelela u-97,57% wenani elisetshenzisiwe ngo-2025. Ngezinqwaba ezincane kakhulu, kusetshenziswa i-oxytetracycline, i-tiamulin kanye ne-doxycycline, okugcwalisa uhla lwezithako ezisebenzayo.
Ukusetshenziswa kwala ma-antibiotic kuhlobene ngqo nokulawulwa kwezifo ezahlukahlukene zamagciwane ezithinta izinhlanzi. I-Piscirickettsiosis ibangela ukusetshenziswa kwama-antimicrobial okungu-97,51%Lokhu kwenza kube yimbangela ehamba phambili ehlobene nezempilo edinga lokhu kwelashwa. Ngokwezinga elincane, zisetshenziselwa ukulwa ne-renibacteriosis (BKD) kanye ne-tenacibaculosis.
Ngokuvamile, i-florfenicol ibhekwa njengesidakamizwa esisebenzayo. umuthi okhethwayo wokulwa nezifo eziningi zamagciwane kutholakale ezikhungweni zezilwane zasemanzini. Okuhlukile okuphawulekayo yi-tenacibaculosis, lapho i-tiamulin ithatha indima ebaluleke kakhulu futhi ibangela ngaphezu kwama-24% e-antibiotic iyonke esetshenziswa ukulawula lesi sifo ngqo.
Umbiko uphinde uchaze ukuthi indlela yokuphathwa kwalawa ma-antimicrobial Inikezwa cishe ngomlomo ngokuphelele, ifakwe ekudleni okunemithi okunikezwa izinhlanzi. Le ndlela ivumela ukwelashwa okukhulu kwamaqoqo athintekile, kodwa futhi idinga ukunamathela ngokuqinile emithethweni ephathelene nomthamo, izikhathi zokuhoxiswa, kanye nokuqapha izinsalela ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso ze-EU.
EYurophu, iziphathimandla, abasabalalisi, kanye nabathengi banaka kokubili uhlobo lwama-antibiotic asetshenziswayo kanye nezinqubo zokuphatha, njengoba ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kungabangela ukukhuthaza ukuvela kwamagciwane amelana nokumelana okunomthelela ongaba khona empilweni yabantu, ezemvelo kanye nezilwane.
Umphumela wesitifiketi se-PROA-Salmon ekunciphiseni imithi yokulwa namagciwane
Ngale kwedatha yomhlaba wonke, enye yezinto ezivelele embikweni weSernapesca ukuhlolwa komphumela we- Isitifiketi se-PROA-Salmon, indinganiso yokuzithandela egxile ngqo ekuphathweni okunesibopho kokusetshenziswa kwamagciwane kanye nokuthuthukisa imikhuba yokulima.
Kusukela ekuqalisweni kwayo kuze kube ngu-2025, imijikelezo yokukhiqiza eqinisekiswe ngaphansi kwe-PROA-Salmon isifinyelele ku- amathani angaphezu kuka-1.062.552 e-salmon evuniwePhakathi nalesi sikhathi, izinkampani ezingu-14 sezizonke zikwazile ukuqinisekisa ingxenye noma yonke imijikelezo yazo yokukhiqiza ngalesi simbozo, zisihlanganisa njengethuluzi elinethonya langempela kumodeli yezempilo yemboni.
Kuphela ngo-2025 lapho baqinisekiswa khona Amathani angu-262.416 omkhiqizoLezi zibalo zimelela u-24,97% womkhiqizo we-salmon kazwelonke walowo nyaka futhi zingezinkampani eziyisishiyagalombili zezolimo. Kuleli nani, amathani angu-126.793 ayeyi-coho salmon kanti amathani angu-135.623 ayeyi-Atlantic salmon, izinhlobo ezimbili ezithengiswa kakhulu ezimakethe zomhlaba wonke.
Isici esibaluleke kakhulu kubathengi baseYurophu umphumela wesitifiketi ku- ukusetshenziswa kwangempela kwemithi yokulwa namagciwaneNakuba inkomba iyonke yokufuywa kwamanzi olwandle okwenziwa nge-closed cycle ifinyelela kumagremu angu-313,81 ama-antibiotic ngethani, izikhungo ezisebenzisa uhlelo lwe-PROA-Salmon zibhalisa isilinganiso samagremu angu-13,47 kuphela ngethani. Lokhu kusho ukwehla okungaphezu kuka-96% uma kuqhathaniswa nesilinganiso sikazwelonke.
Ngokusho kukaSernapesca, lezi zibalo zingcono kakhulu kunalezo ezitholwe emijikelezweni eqinisekisiwe eminyakeni edlule, okubeka isibonelo esibalulekile okufanele sisilandele. ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic ngendlela engcono kakhulu futhi ivumelane namasu omhlaba wonke okulwa nokumelana namagciwane (i-AMR). Le ndlela ihambisana neziqondiso ze-World Health Organisation kanye nezinqubomgomo ze-EU, okungaba yimpikiswano eqinile yokubeka i-salmon yaseChile eSpain nakuyo yonke i-EU.
Ubudlelwano nezidingo ze-European Union kanye nemakethe yaseSpain
Ukuvela kokusetshenziswa kwamagciwane eChile akwenzeki endaweni engenalutho: kubangelwa yi- izidingo zamazwe angenisa impahlakufaka phakathi Amazwe Angamalungu e-EU. Umthetho we-EU mayelana nezinsalela zemithi yezilwane ekudleni okuvela ezilwaneni uqinile, futhi iKhomishini yaseYurophu kanye ne-European Medicines Agency baqinise izinqubomgomo zabo zokulwa nokumelana namagciwane eminyakeni yamuva nje.
ESpain, lapho i-salmon yaseChile itholakala khona kakhulu e- ukusatshalaliswa kanye nezindawo zokudlelaImpikiswano ephathelene nokusetshenziswa kwama-antibiotic emikhiqizweni yezilwane iya ngokuya igqama. Abathengi abangochwepheshe kanye nabathengisi abakhulu bavame ukufuna iziqinisekiso ezengeziwe zemikhuba emihle ukuze baphendule kumakhasimende afuna ukucaca kanye nokwehlukaniswa ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zokusimama.
Kulesi simo, iqiniso lokuthi iChile ithuthukisa izinhlelo ezifana ne-PROA-Salmon nokuthi uSernapesca uyashicilela imibiko enemininingwane neyangezikhathi ezithile Ukusetshenziswa kwemithi yokulwa namagciwane kuchazwa njengophawu lokuvuleleka kanye nokuthuthuka okuqhubekayo. Kubasebenzi baseSpain abanesifiso sokuqinisa isithombe sabo somthwalo wemfanelo, ukusebenza nabahlinzeki abanamathela kulezi zindinganiso kungaba yinzuzo yokuncintisana.
Isihluthulelo, ukubheka phambili, kuzoba ukubona ukuthi ukunciphisa okulinganiselwe kwe-ICA Intuthuko efinyelelwe kusukela ngo-2022 iyagcinwa noma iqiniswa, ngesikhathi esifanayo njengoba imboni iqhubeka nokukhula ngobuningi. Kwi-EU, akukhona nje ukuhambisana nemikhawulo yezinsalela, kodwa mayelana nokubonisa ushintsho lwesakhiwo endleleni impilo yezinhlanzi ephathwa ngayo, ngokuthembela okuncane kuma-antibiotic kanye nokuvimbela okwengeziwe.
Uma konke lokhu kucatshangelwa, idatha yakamuva evela eSernapesca ibeka i-salmon yaseChile endaweni ephakathi nendawo: ngakolunye uhlangothi, i-salmon Ukusetshenziswa okuphelele kwama-antimicrobial okuhambisana nokukhula okukhiqizayoNgakolunye uhlangothi, kunezimpawu ezicacile zokuthuthuka kokusebenza kahle kwezempilo, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezisebenzise isitifiketi se-PROA-Salmon. Kubathengi, abasabalalisi, kanye neziphathimandla zaseYurophu, ulwazi olutholakalayo lubavumela ukuthi baqaphe ngokuseduze ukuvela komkhakha futhi bahlole izinga lapho lezi zinhlelo zihlanganisa khona imodeli yokukhiqiza enesibopho esihambisana nokulindelwe yi-European Union kanye nezimakethe zaseSpain.
