Ulwelwe oluhlaselayo lube ngenye yezinselelo eziyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ekulweni nokuwohloka kwezindawo zemvelo zasolwandle. Eminyakeni embalwa nje, ukusabalala kwalo kuye kwashintsha kwaba yindaba yesayensi yaba yinkinga enemiphumela eqondile ekudobeni, ezokuvakasha kanye nempilo yezindawo zokuhlala ezisogwini.
Nakuba isimo siziveza ngendlela ehlukile kuye ngokuthi indawo ikuyo, kukhona into efanayo: izinqwaba ezinkulu ze-biomass ezivela kwamanye amazwe ezindaweni zemvelo zendawo zisusa izinhlobo zezilwane zasendaweni, zishintsha isakhiwo solwandle, futhi ziphoqa abaphathi, ososayensi, kanye nemikhakha yezomnotho ukuthi benze izixazululo ngokushesha, njengoba kuboniswe ebalazweni lokuqala lolwelwe lwase-Asia.
Ulwelwe oluhlaselayo eHawaii: izimfudu zasolwandle njengesivikelo esingalindelekile
Ngo-2016, abacwaningi bathola ukuthi kukhona i -Chondria tumulosa, ulwelwe oluhlaselayo olwakha ama-mat aminyene ezixhotsheni zamakhorali, e-Manawai Atoll enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeHawaii. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukusabalala kwayo kube nolaka kangangokuthi manje ihlanganisa amakhilomitha-skwele angaphezu kwe-100, igubuzela amakhorali aphilayo futhi isusa izitshalo nezilwane zemvelo.
I-Chondria tumulosa ingakha izendlalelo ezifika kumasentimitha ayisithupha ubukhulu ezimboza ngokuphelele amakholoni e-coral , ziwavimbele ekutholeni ukukhanya okudingekayo kwe-photosynthesis. Ngaphandle kwamandla anikezwa yimisebe yelanga, ama-polyp ayabuthakathaka, alahlekelwe ukuncintisana ngokumelene nolwelwe, futhi ekugcineni afe, ashiye izakhiwo ze-calcareous ezonakele kanye nezindawo zemvelo ezimpofu.
Kulesi simo, ithimba elivela eNyuvesi yaseHawaii eManoa libhale phansi ukuziphatha okungekho muntu owayelindele ukubonwa ngamandla anjalo: izimfudu zasolwandle eziluhlaza zidla inani elikhulu lalolu lwelwe oluhlaselayo . Amarekhodi angaphansi kwamanzi aqoshiwe ngo-2025 abonisa lezi zilwane ezihuquzelayo zidla cishe ihora ngesikhathi emacansini eChondria tumulosa, ngendlela ephumelelayo engakaze ibonwe ezinhlanzini zasendaweni noma ezinhlotsheni zasolwandle.
Ukuhlaziywa kwe-Necropsy okwenziwe ochwepheshe be-U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service kuqinisekisile izinga lalo mkhuba wokudla. Cishe u-25% wokuqukethwe kokugaya ukudla okuhlaziywe ezibonelweni ezivela endaweni kuqukethe izingcezu zalolu lwelwe olungavamile, okubonisa ukuthi alusetshenziswa ngezikhathi ezithile kodwa luwumthombo osevele uhlanganiswe ekudleni kwabo.
Amakhamera afakwe phansi kolwandle athwebula izimfudu zesifazane ezithatha ukulunywa okungu-18 ngaphansi kwemizuzu emibili , ziklebhula izingcezu ezifika ku-15 cm ububanzi. Le ndlela yokudla eqhubekayo inciphisa i-biomass etholakalayo ye-Chondria tumulosa, ivula izikhala edwaleni, futhi ivumela amakhorali ukuthi aphinde athole ukukhanya, okudala amathuba amancane okululama.
Ngaphezu kwendima yazo "njengabalimi" bama-reef, ama-green sea turtles asebenza njengabavuseleli bezakhamzimba . Izinhlangano zokulondolozwa kwama-reef zikhomba ukuthi indle yawo inikeza i-nitrogen ne-phosphorus ohlelweni, izinto ezifaka isandla ekukhuleni kwama-coral kanye nokukhiqiza okuphelele kwendawo yokuhlala, okuqinisa ukuqina kwayo ngokumelene nezinye izingcindezi, njengamanzi afudumele.
Naphezu kwalomphumela obonakala umuhle, ochwepheshe bakhipha izixwayiso ezicacile. UProfesa Celia Smith, umbhali oholayo walolu cwaningo, ugcizelela ukuthi cishe zonke izimfudu zasolwandle eziluhlaza kule ndawo zidla izidleke eLalo Island futhi zihamba amabanga amade kuzo zonke iziqhingi zaseHawaii. Lokhu kuhamba kungenza kube lula ukusabalala kwezingcezu zeChondria tumulosa, ezithwalwe zinamathele egobolondweni noma emgudwini wokugaya ukudla, ziye kwezinye iziqhingi ezingakabi namagciwane.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, iziphathimandla zisebenza ukuqinisa ukuqapha zisebenzisa amasu e-DNA emvelo ukuze zithole ukuthi kukhona yini ulwelwe ezindaweni ezintsha. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubuyiselwa kwezinhlobo zofudu oluluhlaza, olusabalwa njengezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa, kubaluleke kakhulu kabili: ukuvikela isilwane esihuquzelayo esisongelwa kanye, ngesikhathi esifanayo, nokugcina esinye sezithiyo zemvelo ezimbalwa ezivimba ukuqhubekela phambili kwalesi silwane esihlaselayo emadwaleni aseHawaii.
I-Rugulopteryx okamurae: ulwelwe oluhlasela ogwini lwase-Andalusia
Nakuba iHawaii ilwa nezinsika, eningizimu yeYurophu kugxilwe kolunye uhlobo olungavamile: i-Rugulopteryx okamurae , i-alga evela e-Asia eyazinza ngokuqinile eStrait of Gibraltar kanye nogu lwase-Andalusian. Yaqala ukutholakala ngo-2016 kusukela ezintanjeni ezinkulu ezibonakala ogwini lwaseCeuta, futhi kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ukwanda kwayo bekulokhu kuqhubeka njalo kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zeStrait.
Njengamanje, ukuba khona kwayo kusabalala kuzo zonke izifundazwe ezinhlanu ezisogwini zase-Andalusia (eCádiz, eHuelva, eMálaga, eGranada, nase-AlmerÃa) , kanye nokuba khona okunamandla kakhulu ogwini olusentshonalanga lwaseMálaga naseCádiz. Lolu hlobo lubonakala ngamandla angavamile okungena emakoloni , umkhiqizo ophezulu kakhulu, kanye namazinga e-biomass, ngokusho kukaHulumeni Wesifunda sase-Andalusia uqobo, angakaze abonwe uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo ze-algae, zomdabu nezalethwa, njengoba kuqinisekiswe yizifundo zendlela i-algae yase-Asia ehlasela ngayo ugu lolwandle.
Ubukhulu bokuhlasela kuphoqe uHulumeni wase-Andalusia ukuba amemezele isimo samandla amakhulu kanye nesidingo esikhulu ngenxa yokufika okukhulu kwalolu lwandle emabhishi, njengoba kushiwo esivumelwaneni esavunywa ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli 2026. Lo mbhalo, owanyatheliswa ku-Official Gazette yomphakathi, uchaza isimo lapho ukwanda kolwandle kungaseyona inkinga yemvelo kuphela, kodwa kuyinselele yezomnotho kanye neyokuthutha komasipala kanye nemikhakha ekhiqizayo.
Omunye wemikhakha ethinteke kakhulu ukudoba, ikakhulukazi ukudoba ngobuciko kanye nokudoba ngamanetha . Imibhede yezinhlanzi i-Rugulopteryx okamurae ivimbela ukufinyelela kwezinhlanzi emanetheni futhi, ezimweni eziningi, iphoqa abadobi ukuba badonse izinto ezivalekile ngolwelwe, basuse ngesandla i-biomass, futhi balungise umonakalo emishinini yabo. Le nqubo idla isikhathi, inyusa izindleko zokusebenza, futhi inciphisa inzuzo yohambo lokudoba.
Amabhishi aklanyelwe ukubhukuda, okwamanje, ahlushwa ukuqoqana okukhulu kwe-algae ebolayo , okudala iphunga elibi, ukuvuza kwamanzi, kanye nesithombe esingathandeki kubahlali kanye nezivakashi. Ukubiliswa kwalokhu kungathinta impilo yomphakathi, imvelo, kanye nendawo, kudinga imizamo eyengeziwe yokuhlanza phakathi nezinyanga ezinenani eliphezulu lezivakashi.
Endaweni yaseStrait of Gibraltar kuphela, uhulumeni wesifunda ulinganisela ukukhiqizwa kwe-biomass minyaka yonke okungamathani angaba yi-100.000 esisindo esisha . Lesi sibalo sinikeza umbono wengcindezi ebhekene nomasipala basogwini, okumele bahlele amaqembu ezisebenzi, imishini esindayo, kanye nokuthuthwa okuqhubekayo ezindaweni zokulahla udoti ezigunyaziwe ukuvimbela ulwelwe ukuthi luqongelelane ngokungalawuleki.
Isibonelo esibonakalayo singatholakala edolobheni laseCádiz. Iziphathimandla zendawo zilinganisela ukuthi amathani angaba ngu-2.000 olwelwe oluhlaselayo asuswa emabhishi alo ngonyaka odlule , kanye nezindawo eziphakeme kakhulu ezindaweni ezifana neLa Caleta, lapho kwakhishwa khona amakhilogremu angu-78.000 e-biomass ngosuku olulodwa. Kwabanye omasipala abaseduze, njengeTarifa, inani eliphelele lehlobo elilodwa lidlule kakhulu amathani angu-11.000.
Lonke lelo nani lisho izindleko zokuphathwa kwemfucuza ngqo. Izindleko ngethani ngalinye lemfucuza, kungaba eyokulahlwa, ukushiswa, noma ukushiswa kanyekanye, zingaba ngu-€30 , okusho ukuthi iCádiz yodwa ingabhekana nezikweletu ezicishe zibe ngu-€60.000 ngonyaka ngale njongo. Lokhu kungaphezu kwezindleko zabasebenzi, imishini, kanye nokushintshana kwezikhathi ukuqinisekisa ukuthi imisebenzi yokuhlanza ayiphazamisi abantu abavakashela ogwini lolwandle.
Ukuze kuncishiswe lo mthelela, uMkhandlu Wedolobha uvumile ukukhululwa enteleni yokulahlwa kwemfucuza ezindaweni zokulahla udoti kanye nezinqubo zokushiswa uma kuhilela i-biomass ye-Rugulopteryx okamurae. Lesi sinyathelo, esisetshenziswa kumathani amaningi ezinto ezisusiwe, sinikeza impumuzo ebalulekile ezimalini zikamasipala, yize singaxazululi umsuka wenkinga: ukufika okuqhubekayo kwezinqwaba ezintsha ze-algae ezivela olwandle.
Empeleni, izinsizakalo zokuhlanza ziphoqeleka ukusebenza ngamaloli amakhulu, anesisindo esingaba amathani ayi-13 , kanye neminye imishini esindayo, ngenxa yobukhulu bayo, engakwazi ukwabelana isikhala nabantu abaya ogwini. Ngakho-ke, ukuhlanza kugxila emahoreni asekuseni, ngaphambi kokuba ababhukudi bafike ogwini, okudala umzamo owengeziwe wokuhlela omasipala basogwini; izinsizakalo, ngezinye izikhathi, eziye zadingeka ziqinise izinsiza zendawo, njengoba kubhalwe ekuhlanzweni ezindaweni zasemadolobheni (njengokuhlanza eNueva AndalucÃa ).
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, umphakathi ozimele wavuma uhlelo lokuphatha ngo-2025 ukuze kuxazululwe ulwelwe oluhlaselayo, kuchazwe izinhloso ezijwayelekile, imigqa yamasu, kanye nezinyathelo ezithile. Lo mbhalo uhlanganisa konke kusukela ekuqapheni kwesayensi kokuhlasela kuya ekuthuthukisweni kwezinqubo zokususwa nokuthuthwa kwe-biomass, kanye nezinhlelo zocwaningo ezihlose ukunquma ukuthi ngabe le nto ingaba nezicelo zesikhathi esizayo njengezinto zokusetshenziswa emikhakheni ehlukahlukene.
I-Ceuta, indawo yokuhlangana yamazwe ngamazwe mayelana ne-biomass ye-algae ehlaselayo
Enhliziyweni yeStrait of Gibraltar, iCeuta izisungule njengesikhungo esihamba phambili sokutadisha iRugulopteryx okamurae . Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, i-Institute of Ceuta Studies (IEC) ibilokhu ikhuthaza uchungechunge locwaningo olugxile kulolu hlobo oluhlaselayo, olwaqala ukutholakala ogwini lwaseCeuta maphakathi nawo-2000 futhi kusukela lapho lwaqhubeka nokusabalala.
Njengengxenye yalo mzamo oqhubekayo, i-IEC imemezele umhlangano wesibili wamazwe ngamazwe ozinikele ekuphathweni kwe-biomass evela kulolu lwelwe. Lo mhlangano, owaklanywa njengenkundla yezifundo eziningi, uhlose ukuvuselela ulwazi oluqoqwe eminyakeni yamuva nje nokwabelana ngolwazi lwezindawo ezahlukene ezithintekile kokubili eMedithera nase-Atlantic.
Intshisekelo yesayensi ku-Rugulopteryx okamurae ikhuphuke kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje, hhayi nje ngenxa yokwanda kwayo kodwa nangenxa yokukhathazeka ngokuthi ingaphathwa kanjani inqwaba enkulu ye-biomass eqongelela emabhishi nasezindaweni zasolwandle. Abahleli be-workshop bagcizelela ukuthi ulwazi mayelana ne-biology, i-ecology, kanye ne-dynamics yalezi zinhlobo luye lwathuthuka kakhulu, njengoba kunjalo nangamasu okususa, ukuthuthwa, kanye nokugcinwa kwayo.
Kodwa-ke, abaphathi bayaqhubeka nokubhekana nezinselele. Omunye wemibuzo emikhulu evulekile uphathelene nokusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwe-biomass ekusetshenzisweni kwezentengiselwano noma kwezimboni . Nakuba kuye kwavezwa imibono ethembisayo, akukho neyodwa yalezi zinketho esikhuliswe kuze kufike ezingeni elizovumela ukumuncwa kwenani elikhulu le-algae kanye nokuguqulwa komkhiqizo oyinkinga ube umthombo ozinzile.
Lo mhlangano uzobanjelwa abantu abangu-54, okuhlanganisa abacwaningi, ochwepheshe, abaphathi bomphakathi, kanye nabameleli abavela emkhakheni ozimele . Uhlobo lwamazwe ngamazwe lomcimbi lubonakala emvelaphi yezikhulumi kanye nabahlanganyeli: iPortugal, i-Italy, iMorocco, i-Algeria, neSpain kuzomelwa, kanye nezindawo ezifana neCanary Islands, iMadeira, i-Andalusia, iCatalonia, iCeuta, neMelilla, kanye namanye amazwe angaphandle kweYurophu. Ukuze kube lula ukushintshana, lolu hlelo luhlanganisa izinsizakalo zokuhumusha ngasikhathi sinye.
Umthelela kwezemvelo nakwezomnotho kanye nokusesha ukusetshenziswa kwe-biomass
Izingxoxo ezizokwenzeka eCeuta zizogxila ezicini eziningana zale nkinga. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kuzohlaziywa umthelela wemvelo we-algae ehlaselayo olwandle nasezindaweni zemvelo . Ukufika okukhulu kwe-Rugulopteryx okamurae kushintsha imiphakathi yase-benthic, kushintsha ukutholakala kokukhanya, umoya-mpilo, kanye nesikhala, futhi kuthinta ukuba khona kwezinhlobo ezibalulekile zokudoba kanye nokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, imiphumela yezenhlalo nezomnotho izoba nkulu kakhulu emikhakheni efana nokudoba kanye nokuphathwa kolwandle . Imikhumbi yokudoba ngamatshe kanye neyokudoba ngamatshe, esevele icindezelwe ezinye izici, kumele ivumelane nesimo lapho izindawo zayo zokudoba ezivamile zingase zimbozwe khona yimibhede emikhulu yolwelwe olungavamile. Iziphathimandla zendawo, zona, zizothwala izindleko ezikhulayo zokuhlanza, ukugcina, kanye nokwelapha imfucuza ekhiqizwayo.
Ngenxa yalesi simo, olunye lwezindlela zocwaningo ezisebenzayo kakhulu lugxile ekuqiniseni izinto zezitshalo . Izindawo ezimbili eziyinhloko zokusetshenziswa ezingaba khona ziyahlolwa. Eyokuqala ihlola ukusetshenziswa kwamakhemikhali kanye namakhemikhali kwezingxenye zayo ukuze kusetshenziswe izimonyo noma imithi, ihlaziya amakhemikhali angaba nezicelo zezimboni. Eyesibili igxile ekuthuthukisweni kwemikhiqizo efana nokupakishwa okubolayo noma izinto ezihlala isikhathi eside ezivela ku-biomass ecutshungulwayo.
Ukusetshenziswa okuseduze nomkhakha wezolimo, njengomanyolo noma izisekelo zezolimo , nakho kuye kwaxoxwa ngakho . Ikhono lokugcina umswakama nokuhlinzeka ngezakhamzimba ezithile lingenza lezi zitshalo zibe yisengezo esithakazelisayo senhlabathi eyonakele noma izitshalo ezidinga isakhiwo somhlabathi esithuthukisiwe. Kodwa-ke, ochwepheshe bagcizelela isidingo sokuhlola ngokucophelela imiphumela emibi engaba khona kanye nokuphila kahle kwezomnotho okukhulu.
Njengamanje, zonke lezi zindlela zisesigabeni sephrojekthi yokuhlola neyokuhlola . Akukabikho uchungechunge lwenani olusunguliwe olukwazi ukumunca njalo inani elikhulu le-biomass elikhukhula ogwini. Lokhu kuntuleka kwezixazululo ezihlanganisiwe kuchaza ukuthi kungani, okwamanje, okubalulekile kusalokhu kuqukethe umthelela osheshayo emabhishi nasemisebenzini yokukhiqiza ngokususwa kwenqwaba kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza.
Lo mhlangano uzophinde ubhekane nezinkinga zokubusa kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezikhungo . Ukuphatha uhlobo oluhlaselayo oluthinta indawo yomphakathi yolwandle nomhlaba kudinga ukubambisana okuseduze phakathi kohulumeni abahlukene, kusukela komasipala basogwini kuya kohulumeni bezifunda kanye nohulumeni bezifundazwe, okuhlanganisa nezinhlangano eziphethe imvelo, ezokudoba, ogwini, kanye nokuphathwa kwemfucuza.
Lesi sithangami sizophinde sicabangele okuhlangenwe nakho kwamazwe ngamazwe ekuphathweni kwezinhlobo zezilwane ezingavamile . Ochwepheshe abavela emanyuvesi, izinhlangano zikahulumeni, kanye nezinkampani ezigxile ekuqinisekiseni imfucuza yezitshalo bazokwabelana ngezifundo zamacala, izinqubo zokususa, izinhlelo zokuthutha, kanye namamodeli ezimali angasebenza njengereferensi yesifunda saseStrait of Gibraltar kanye nezinye izindawo ezithintekile eYurophu.
Ukubamba iqhaza kwezakhamizi kanye nokufinyelela kubantu abasebenzisa ulwelwe oluhlaselayo
Esinye sezici ezintsha zalolu hlelo eCeuta ukufakwa komcimbi wokufinyelela umphakathi ovulekele umphakathi , ozobanjelwa eMtatsheni Wezincwadi Kahulumeni. Lesi sigaba, esihlelelwe ntambama yangomhlaka-13 Meyi, sihlose ukukhulisa ulwazi ngenkinga yolwelwe oluhlaselayo phakathi kwezilaleli eziningi futhi sigqamise indima yesayensi yezakhamuzi ekutholeni nasekuqapheni kwalo.
Phakathi kwemisebenzi ehleliwe kukhona ukuboniswa kwedokhumentari mayelana nokuhlasela kwe-Rugulopteryx okamurae , equkethe ubufakazi obuvela kochwepheshe kanye namaqembu athinteke ngqo. Ngemva kokuhlolwa, kuzonikezwa izethulo ezinolwazi, ezichaza ngolimi olufinyelelekayo ukuthi lezi zinhlobo ezihlaselayo ziziphatha kanjani, ukuthi kungani zikwazi ukusabalala ngokushesha kangaka, nokuthi yimiphi imiphumela ezinayo emiphakathini yasogwini.
Lo mcimbi uzobamba iqhaza kochwepheshe bezinhlobo ezihlaselayo kanye nesayensi yezakhamuzi , abazohlola ukubaluleka kokubonwa okwenziwe abadobi, ababhukudi bezokuzijabulisa, izinhlangano zomakhelwane, kanye namanye amaqembu. Imibiko yabo inganikeza idatha ebalulekile yokuhlonza ukuqubuka okusha, ukuthola izinguquko ekusakazweni kolwelwe, kanye nokugcwalisa umsebenzi wamaqembu ocwaningo.
Lolu hlelo luhlanganisa nezinhlelo ezigxile endimeni yezakhamuzi ekutholakaleni nasekulawulweni kwezinhlobo ezihlaselayo kusenesikhathi, kokubili endaweni yasolwandle nakwezinye izindawo zemvelo. Luzohlanganisa amathuluzi alula, njengezinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula zokubika okubonwayo, izinqubo eziyisisekelo zesaziso, kanye nemikhuba emihle yokuvimbela ukusabalala okungahlosiwe kwezinto eziphilayo ezihlaselayo.
Ekugcineni, uchwepheshe waseColombia umenyiwe ukuthi abelane ngolwazi ngezimbali ze-algal kwezinye izimo zomhlaba wonke . Lokhu kushintshana kuzovumela ukuqhathanisa isimo eStrait nezinye izimo futhi kunikeze ukuqonda ngezinyathelo eziye zahlolwa eLatin America nakwezinye izifunda, ezinye zazo ezingashintshwa ngokucophelela ukuze zivumelane nezici ezithile zogwini lwaseYurophu.
Ingqikithi yale mizamo, kusukela ezinhlotsheni eziluhlaza ezigcina iChondria tumulosa ilawulwa eHawaii kuya ezinhlelweni zokuphatha, ama-workshops aphesheya kwezilwandle, kanye nezinyathelo zezimali ezibhekana neRugulopteryx okamurae e-Andalusia naseCeuta, idweba isithombe lapho ulwelwe oluhlaselayo selube yinselele yomhlaba wonke eqhubekayo . Impendulo ihlanganisa isayensi, inqubomgomo yomphakathi, ukusungula izinto ezintsha kwezimboni, kanye nokubamba iqhaza komphakathi, ngenhloso yokulawula ukusabalala kwazo, ukunciphisa umonakalo wemvelo kanye nowezomnotho, futhi, lapho kungenzeka khona, ukuguqula usongo lube yithuba lolwazi kanye nokusetshenziswa okusha okusimeme.
