Ipulasitiki ingene kuwo wonke amagumbi omhlaba., kusukela emabhishi akude kuya phansi olwandle kanye nenhlabathi yezolimo. Umthamo wemfucuza esiyilahla emvelweni awuseyona i-anecdote nje: sikhuluma amathani awo ahlakazeka abe yizingcezu ezihlale zincanyana, agcine esesimweni semvelo, ezilwaneni, futhi ekugcineni, emizimbeni yethu.
Ngokuhambisanayo, ukukhiqizwa komhlaba wonke kuyaqhubeka nokukhula Futhi ukuphathwa kwalo mfucuza kusalele emuva, okukhiqiza inhlanganisela yemithelela yezemvelo, ezomnotho, kanye nezempilo yomphakathi. Ohulumeni, amabhizinisi, kanye nezakhamizi seziqhubekela phambili ngezinyathelo nezivumelwano ngaphansi kwezingxoxo, kodwa isikhathi siyahamba: uma singashintshi indlela, ulwandle luzoba isibuko sesiko lethu lokulahla.
Sisho ukuthini ngokungcoliswa kwepulasitiki?
Ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki kusuka kuma-macroplastic kuya kuma-nanoparticlesIzingcezu ezinkulu (ezingaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-20) zihlanganisa amanetha okudoba, izikhwama, noma izitsha ezilahlwayo; ama-microplastics (angaphansi kuka-5 mm) kanye nama-nanoparticles avela ekwahlukaneni kwempahla ngemisebe ye-UV nokuguga kwemishini. Ngokungafani nokhuni noma imfucumfucu yezinto eziphilayo, ipulasitiki ayiwohloki olwandle: ihlehla ibe yizicucu ezikhulayo eziqhubekayo amashumi eminyaka.
Okuningi kwalokhu kungcola kunomsuka wasemhlabeni, ngenxa yokuvuza kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, ukuphathwa kabi kwemfucuza, noma ukuguga kwamasondo, izingubo zokugqoka nopendeLezi zingcezu ziphelela emifuleni futhi, ekugcineni, olwandle, lapho zihlala khona ogwini, zintanta phezulu, zilengiswe ohlwini lwamanzi noma ziphumule olwandle, zingene kuwebhu yokudla futhi ziguqule imvelo kanye nemvelo. izinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle.
Futhi, Imfucumfucu yepulasitiki isebenza njengenqola yokungcola. Izithasiselo ezibonakalayo ngokwazo (amadayi, ama-plasticizers) akhululwa, futhi "udoti" wepulasitiki ugxila ezintweni eziyingozi ezivela emvelweni ezisuke zidliwe yizinto eziphilayo. Ngesilinganiso esikhulu, imisinga ingathwala amagciwane kanye izinhlobo ezihlaselayo ezinamathele ezinsalela, okubeka engcupheni izindawo zokuhlala ezintekenteke.
Imiphumela ayiyona nje eyemvelo kuphela. Ezokuvakasha, ukudoba kanye nezasemanzini zithola ukulahlekelwa okungenakulinganiswa ngenxa yokucekelwa phansi kwamabhishi, ukulimala kwezimpahla zokudoba nemikhumbi, kanye nokwehla kwenani labantu de peces. Ngakho-ke, ngaphezu kokuba yinkinga yemvelo, futhi kuyinkinga enkulu yezomnotho.
Ubukhulu benkinga: izibalo ezingakuniki kuphumula
Njalo ngonyaka, isilinganiso samathani epulasitiki ayizigidi eziyi-8 aphelela olwandle.Uma kuhunyushwa ezithombeni, lokhu kufana nokuthulula iloli likadoti eligcwele ipulasitiki olwandle njalo ngomzuzu—phakathi kwamaloli angu-1 500 nezi-2 000 ngosuku. Uma umkhuba wamanje uqhubeka, kulindeleke ukuthi ngo-2025 kuyoba nethani elilodwa lepulasitiki kuwo wonke amathani amathathu ezinhlanzi, futhi ngo-2050, kuyoba nepulasitiki eningi kunezinhlanzi olwandle.
Ukukhiqiza kuthuthuke kusukela maphakathi nekhulu leminyaka elidlule: kusuka kumathani ayizigidi ezi-2 ngo-1950 kuya cishe ezigidini ezingama-400 ngo-2018, nezibikezelo zokuqhubeka nokukhuphuka zidlule ibhiliyoni elingu-1.000 ngo-2050. Akulula ukukala: kufana nokubeka umugqa ama-trailer angama-30-toner angu-13 million.
Ukuze ubone ngeso lengqondo kangcono amathani ayizigidi ezingu-8 aphelela olwandle unyaka ngamunye, lezi ziqhathaniso zicacile: Zinesisindo esingaba ngu-800 Eiffel Towers noma cishe izindiza eziyi-14.285 ze-Airbus A380. futhi izothatha indawo efana ne-34 izikhathi ze-Manhattan Island. Lawa manani achaza ukuthi kungani ukunqwabelana kuntanta futhi kugxile ezindaweni ezithile zolwandle.
Inkinga ayigcini olwandle kuphela. Cishe ingxenye yesithathu yemfucumfucu yepulasitiki iphelela emhlabathini noma emanzini ahlanzekile., futhi ukungcoliswa kwe-microplastic okusekelwe emhlabathini kungaba okukhulu ngokuphindwe izikhathi ezi-4 kuya kwezingu-23 kunokungcola olwandle. Isibonelo esimangalisayo: imicu yendwangu eshiywe odongeni lwendle, kamuva yasetshenziswa njengomanyolo, yasakaza amathani amaplastiki amancane kuzo zonke izinkambu zezolimo.
Futhi mayelana nokugaywa kabusha, Amaphesenti omhlaba acishe abe ngu-9%Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuningi kwalokhu kugaywa kabusha akuzinzile ngempela uma izithasiselo eziyingozi zithwalwa futhi zifakwe kabusha, eziqhubekisela phambili izingozi zempilo nezemvelo ngomjikelezo ngamunye wokusetshenziswa.
Lapho iqoqa khona: ama-oceanic gyres, "iziqhingi" kanye necala laseMedithera
Imisinga yasolwandle igxilisa imfucuza ezindaweni eziningi ezingaphansi kwe-subtropical gyres. Kunezindawo ezinhlanu zokuqongelela ezinkulu: ezimbili ePacific, ezimbili e-Atlantic kanye neyodwa e-Indian Ocean.INorth Pacific Garbage Patch, edume ngokuthi iGreat Pacific Garbage Patch, idlula amakhilomitha-skwele ayisigidi, inkulu kunendawo ehlangene yaseSpain, France naseJalimane.
Nakuba lena idume kakhulu, akulona yodwa. Ngayinye yalezi zindawo isebenza njengefaneli. Icupha futhi igcine amapulasitiki aqhekeka, akhiqize ama-micro- kanye nama-nanoplastics ahlakazeka kakhulu futhi akunakwenzeka ukuqoqa ngawodwa.
I-Mediterranean idinga ukukhulunywa ngokukhethekile: Iqukethe kuphela i-1% yamanzi eplanethi kodwa igxile cishe ku-7% we-microplastics. Umhlaba jikelele. Ukuvaleka kwayo okuncane, ukuminyana kwabantu abaningi ngasogwini, kanye nokugcwala kwezimoto zasolwandle kwandisa ingcindezi ku-ecosystem yayo, kuyibeka phakathi kwezindawo ezibalulekile emhlabeni.
Izixazululo zobuchwepheshe ziyahlolwa ukuze kukhucululwe ukugxilisa ingqondo okukhulu. Kunezinhlelo ezihlose ukususa udoti ofinyelela ku-50% ePacific Rim eminyakeni emihlanu.Nakuba zithembisa, zizodwa azikuxazululi ukuthutheleka kwemfucuza okuqhubekayo, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukwenza okuthile emthonjeni nakuwo wonke umjikelezo wokuphila wepulasitiki.
Isayensi nokuhlola usizo lokuhlela izimpendulo. I-Copernicus Marine Service inikeza amamodeli we-ocean drift okusivumela ukuthi siqonde ukuthi imfucuza ihamba kanjani, into ebalulekile ekuqondiseni ukuhlanza, ukuvimbela kanye nemisebenzi yokubambisana phakathi kwamazwe.
Impilo yomuntu: kusukela echungechungeni lokudla kuya ezithweni zethu
Okuqala olwandle noma phansi kuphelela etafuleni nasemoyeni esiwuphefumulayo. Ama-Microplastics kanye nama-nanoplastics atholwe ezithweni ezihlukahlukene zabantu., futhi ukuba khona kwayo kuye kwaqinisekiswa ngisho naku-placenta, okubonisa ukuchayeka kusukela ezigabeni zokuqala zokuphila.
Izilinganiso zakamuva zikhomba lokho Singangenisa izinhlayiya zepulasitiki ezingaba ngu-2.000 masonto onke., cishe amagremu angu-21 ngenyanga kanye namagremu angaphezu kuka-250 ngonyaka. Ngokwereferensi, lesi cishe isisindo sekhadi lasebhange ngeviki. Nakuba imiphumela ethile isacwaningwa, isignali ibucayi ngokwanele ukusheshisa izinyathelo zokuvimbela.
Izingozi aziveli kuphela ku-polymer ngokwayo. Izithasiselo nezinto ezihlobene nazo—ezinikeza umbala, ukuguquguquka noma ukuqina— Ziyisahluko esibalulekile. Amakhemikhali aphakathi kuka-15.000 no-16.000 asetshenziswa ekukhiqizeni, futhi ulwazi oluqinile lwesayensi lulinganiselwe cishe ku-3.000 noma 4.000; ezinkulungwaneni zazo, asiwazi ngokuqondile umthelela wazo empilweni nasendaweni ezungezile.
Izincwadi zezokwelapha ziyachaza umonakalo ongase ube khona esikhumbeni, ebuchosheni, esibindini, ezinso nasemaphashini, ngaphezu kwezixhumanisi eziphenyiwe ezinama-pathologies amakhulu, kuhlanganise nomdlavuza. Kukhona futhi izinkomba zezinguquko ezingeni lofuzo: ukulimala kwe-DNA kuye kwabonwa, nakuba izinga layo kanye nemiphumela yesikhathi eside ayikaqondwa ngokugcwele.
Ngakho-ke, umphakathi wezokwelapha nesayensi ugcizelela izindlela ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa: Yehlisa ukuchayeka ngezinqubomgomo zokuvelela kanye nokusetshenziswa ngendlela efanele, futhi utshale ocwaningweni oluhumusha ubufakazi bube yizisombululo ezisebenzayo kanye nokuhlola ubungozi okucwengisiswe kakhudlwana.
Ukukhiqiza, amakhemikhali kanye nomjikelezo wempilo: inhliziyo yenkulumo-mpikiswano
Ipulasitiki ingu-95%, okuphuma kumafutha ezinto ezimbiwa phansiIsimo sezulu asiyona into encane: phakathi kuka-4% no-5% wamagesi abamba ukushisa avela ekukhiqizeni kwawo. Ukucabangela ukungcoliswa kwepulasitiki ngokuhlukana kuyiphutha; iyingxenye “yenhlekelele ephindwe kathathu” ehlonzwe yiZizwe Ezihlangene: ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu, ukulahleka kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, kanye nokungcola.
Ezingxoxweni zamazwe ngamazwe kuyaxoxwa indlela yokubhekana nawo wonke umjikelezo wempilo: kusukela ekuklanyeni nasekukhiqizeni (okuhlanganisa ama-polymers amsulwa kanye nezithasiselo) kuya ekusetshenzisweni, ekukhangiseni, futhi, vele, nokuphathwa kwemfucuza. Ngisho nokuchaza lapho umjikelezo uqala khona—kungaba ngama-polymer noma kakade kumkhiqizo wokugcina—kube yisikhubekiso sobuchwepheshe esinemithelela yokulawula.
Elinye iphuzu elinamandla ukugaywa kabusha. Ukugaywa kabusha ngaphandle kwemibandela kungaletha kabusha izithasiselo eziyingozi., ngakho-ke "ukujikeleza" kufanele kuhambisane nemikhawulo yezinto eziyingozi namazinga aqinisekisa ukuphepha ekujikeni ngakunye komjikelezo. Abanye ososayensi basikisela ukukhawulela kakhulu ububanzi bamakhemikhali asetshenziswayo ukuze kulawulwe kahle.
Okwamanje, ukukhiqizwa okuningi kuyaqhubeka nokukhuphuka ukusetshenziswa kwamapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, avame ukushibhile esikhathini esifushane kodwa athwale izindleko ezifihliwe zomphakathi nezemvelo umphakathi wonkana ozithwalayo.
Imithetho, izivumelwano nezinqubomgomo: kusuka endaweni kuya emhlabeni jikelele
Izinyathelo ezibalulekile zivunyiwe ku-European Union. Ukuthengiswa kwamapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanyekanye akuvunyelwe uma kukhona okunye.: izinto zokusika (izimfoloko, imimese, izinkezo, izinti), amapuleti, ama-swabs kakotini, utshani, iziqhumiso zeziphuzo, nezinti zebhaluni. Amapulasitiki awonakaliswa yi-Oxo kanye neziqukathi zokudla okusheshayo ze-polystyrene ezandisiwe nazo ziye zakhunjulwa.
Iphakheji yaseYurophu ihlanganisa Isibopho esinwetshiwe somkhiqizi ngaphansi komgomo othi "umngcolisi uyakhokha".Ngokwesibonelo, izinkampani zikagwayi kumelwe zikhokhele izindleko zokuhlanza izinqamu zikagwayi ngezisefo zepulasitiki, futhi abakhiqizi bezimpahla zokudoba bathatha izindleko zokuhlanza imfucuza ngalezo zimpahla, ngaleyo ndlela basindise abadobi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinjongo ezithile zibekiwe: qoqa u-90% wamabhodlela epulasitiki ngo-2029 (isb., ngamasistimu okubuyisela idiphozithi) namabhodlela ahlanganisa okungenani u-25% wepulasitiki osetshenziswe kabusha ngo-2025 kanye no-30% ngo-2030. Amalebula ayisixwayiso semvelo nawo ayadingeka emikhiqizweni efana nezinkomishi zepulasitiki, izihlungi zikagwayi, izinto zokusula ezimanzi, namanaphukuphu ehlanzekile.
IPhalamende LaseYurophu liye laqinisa indlela yokubhekana nezinqumo ukuthi Banxusa ukuthi kwehliswe udoti wasolwandle, ibeke eminye imingcele ezintweni ezisetshenziswa kanye, futhi ikhuthaze izinto ezisimeme ezisetshenziswayo zokudoba. Konke lokhu kuhambisana ne-Marine Strategy Framework Directive kanye ne-Sustainable Development Goals, ikakhulukazi i-SDG 14 kanye nokuhloswe kwayo okungu-14.1.1 kumfucumfucu wepulasitiki ontantayo kanye ne-eutrophication yasogwini.
Ezingeni lomhlaba wonke, i-United Nations Environment Assembly yavumelana ngo-2022 baxoxisane ngesivumelwano esibophayo esisemthethweni sokuqeda ukungcoliswa kwepulasitikiAmazwe angaphezu kwe-175 abambe iqhaza ohlelweni oluqinile lokufuna isivumelwano esinamandla. Izingxoxo ziyaqhubeka, nakuba zingekho ngaphandle kwezihibe: ukunciphisa ukukhiqizwa, izithasiselo eziyingozi, ukugaywa kabusha okuphephile, ukuxhasa ngezimali, kanye nokwenziwa kwezinqumo okusekelwe ekuvumelaneni kuphakathi kwezingxoxo ezibalulekile.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwasendaweni kunikeza izifundo eziwusizo. I-California, nomthetho wayo we-SB54 kumapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, isebenza njengereferensi yokuhlanganisa izimiso zomthwalo owengeziwe, ukunciphisa umthombo, nokuklama kabusha. Izinhlangano zokongiwa kwemvelo ziyasebenzisana ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi le ndlela iyabonakala esivumelwaneni somhlaba wonke.
Izibonelo ezivela ensimini: ukusuka eGalapagos ukuya eNingizimu Korea nase-Afrika
Izifunda eziningana sezithathe izinyathelo eziya phambili. I-Ecuador ivimbela amapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye emapaki ayo ezwe., okuhlanganisa cishe yonke iqoqo leziqhingi zaseGalapagos, isilinganiso esikhuthaza ukuvikelwa kofudu lwasolwandleNoma kunjalo, imisinga yasolwandle ithwala amabhodlela nezinye iziqukathi ezisuka ezinkulungwaneni zamakhilomitha, okusikhumbuza ukuthi le nkinga ingeqi kwemingcele futhi idinga ukusebenzelana kwamazwe ngamazwe.
ENingizimu Korea, Amadolobha okudoba anezikhungo “zokudoba” udoti: Imikhumbi iletha imfucuza yepulasitiki eqoqwe ngesikhathi somsebenzi wayo echwebeni. Imizamo eqhamuke njengamaphrojekthi okulinga ishintshile yaba yimithetho yendawo, ekhombisa ukuthi ukuhlehliswa kwezinto olwandle kungenzeka uma kunemihlomulo nokusekelwa ngumphakathi.
Amazwe amaningi ase-Afrika akhethe ukuvinjelwa kwamapulasitiki asetshenziswa kanye, okukhuthaza ukushintshela ezintweni ezingasetshenziswa kabusha namasistimu. E-Europe nase-United States, izinkampani ezinamazinga azo zikhuthaza izindlela eziphephile zokuphinda zisetshenziswe kanye nokuhlelwa kabusha kokupakisha, kuyilapho zelula umthwalo wemfanelo womkhiqizi kulo lonke uchungechunge lokuhlinzeka.
Amaphrojekthi amakhulu okuhlanza nawo adlala indima. Kunezinhlelo ezisebenzayo zokususa ingxenye enkulu yemfucuza emabhizinisini amakhulu., nezikhathi ezifiselekayo kakhulu. Nakuba zingashintshi izinqubomgomo zokunciphisa, zihambisana nohlu lwezixazululo etafuleni.
Izixazululo nezenzo: lokho ohulumeni, amabhizinisi, kanye nezakhamizi ezingakwenza
Okubalulekile kucacile: nciphisa emthonjeni, dweba kabusha futhi usebenzise kabushaUkuklama imikhiqizo ehlala isikhathi eside, elungiseka kalula, nephinde igaywe kabusha, ukususa izithasiselo eziyingozi, ukukhuthaza ukusetshenziswa kabusha kumasistimu okupakisha nesevisi, kanye nokusetha okuhlosiwe okubophayo kokunciphisa kuyizinsika zanoma yiliphi isu elisebenzayo.
Okwemboni, Isibopho esinwetshiwe sisho ukulawula ukuphela kwempilo: ukuqoqwa kwezimali nokwelashwa, qinisekisa ukuthi ukugaywa kabusha akulethi kabusha izinto ezinobuthi, futhi ubike ngokusobala. Amamodeli ebhizinisi asuselwe ekugcwaliseni kabusha, ekubuyiseleni, nasekufakweni okubuyiswayo angakhula uma izinhlaka zokulawula zidlulela kuleyo ndawo.
Ukuphathwa komphakathi kungasebenzisa amaleveli anqumayo: idiphozi kanye nezinhlelo zokubuyisela ukuze kuzuzwe ukuqoqwa okungu-90%., ukuthengwa komphakathi okuluhlaza, izintela zezinto eziyinkinga, ukulebula okucacile, ukuqapha ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho, nokusekelwa ngezimali kokusungula izinto ezintsha kanye nomasipala abalawula imfucuza.
Kuzakhamuzi, ukuthinta kwansuku zonke kuyahlanganisa. Yenqaba izikhwama notshani okungadingekile, phatha amabhodlela angasetshenziswa futhi, futhi uthenge ngobuningi. Yehlisa isidingo. Ukukhetha izingubo ezilahla ama-microfiber ambalwa, ukuwashwa ngemijikelezo emnene, nokusebenzisa izisefo emishinini yokuwasha nakho kuvimbela amathani emicu ukuba iphelele emifuleni nasemasimini.
Kanye nalokhu, kubalulekile ukusekela imiphakathi esengozini, ama-recyclers aphansi kanye nabasebenzi abadaluliwe, abavame ukuthwala ubungozi obukhulu ngokuvikeleka okuncane. Ingcindezi yomphakathi, ukubamba iqhaza ekuboniseni umphakathi, nokuvota okunolwazi kusiza ukusheshisa izinguquko zokulawula.
Umnotho, imikhakha ethintekile kanye nesayensi emsebenzini wesixazululo
Izindleko zokungenzi lutho ziphezulu. Ezokuvakasha ziphelelwa umdlandla ngenxa yokonakala kwamabhishi nogu., futhi ukudoba nokufuya izilwane zasemanzini kukhokha intengo yezimpahla nemikhumbi eyonakele, ngaphezu kwezindawo zokudoba eseziphelile. Umnotho oyindilinga awukona ukuzithokozisa kwezimonyo: uyisidingo sokunciphisa izindleko ezikhuphukayo zezenhlalo nezemvelo.
Izinqubomgomo zomphakathi zisekelwa idatha. Amathuluzi afana ne-Marine Strategy Framework Directive kanye ne-SDG 14 ukuqondisa isenzo ngezinkomba ezifana nokuminyana kodoti wepulasitiki ontantayo noma inkomba ye-eutrophication. Amamodeli e-Drift asetshenziswa izinsizakalo ezifana ne-Copernicus asiza imikhankaso yokuhlanza esekelwe ebufakazini nokuvimbela.
Umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe uya phambili, nakuba kungenjalo ngesivinini esingathanda. Imizuliswano yezingxoxo mayelana nesivumelwano somhlaba wonke yenze izikhundla zasondelana ndawonye., naphezu kobunzima obuphathelene nokukhiqiza, izithasiselo, uxhaso lwezimali, nemithetho yokuthatha izinqumo. Ukuphuthuma kwezizathu zempilo yomphakathi kanye nezemvelo kudinga isivumelwano esiqinile nesisebenzisekayo.
Okwamanje, Amazwe asebenzisa izinhlaka zawo ezisebenza njengombhede wokuhlola -njengemithetho yaseYurophu yezinto ezisetshenziswa kanye, okuhloswe ukuqoqwa, nokuqukethwe okugaywe kabusha—okuthi, uma kucushwe kahle, kufakwe esivumelwaneni samazwe ngamazwe ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhambisana komhlaba wonke.
Ebheka isithombe sonke, Sinazo zokuxilonga, amathuluzi nezibonelo ezisebenzayoKudingeka sinyathele igesi: sinciphise ukukhiqizwa okungadingekile, silinganisele amakhemikhali ayingozi, siqinisekise ukugaywa kabusha okuphephe ngempela, futhi sizibophezele ekusebenziseni kabusha ngezinga elikhulu. Alikho inhlamvu yesiliva, kodwa kunendlela eqinisekisiwe enemiphumela elinganisekayo uma senza ekhonsathini.
