Ukuba khona iminonjana ye-cocaine kanye nama-metabolites ayo emifuleni nasemachibini Sekushintshe ekubeni yinto engavamile yaba yinkinga yemvelo ebhalwe kahle. Lezi zinto, ikakhulukazi ezivela emanzini angcolile asemadolobheni, seziqala ukubonisa imiphumela elinganisekayo ezilwaneni zasendle, ikakhulukazi izinhlanzi ezifudukayo.
Iqoqo izifundo zomhlaba wonke ezigxile ku-salmon yase-Atlantic esencane Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi ukungcoliswa kwe-cocaine kungashintsha kakhulu ukuziphatha kwabo endle. Kude nezindawo zokugcina amanzi kanye namathangi elabhorethri, ososayensi baye balandela i-salmon yasendle ezindaweni zemvelo futhi bathola ukuthi amaphethini okunyakaza kwabo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesikhala kuyashintsha lapho bevezwa kulezi zinhlanganisela.
Indlela i-cocaine engena ngayo emanzini nokuthi kungani ikhathaza izazi zemvelo
EYurophu nakwezinye izindawo zomhlaba, i- i-cocaine kanye ne-metabolite yayo eyinhloko, i-benzoylecgonineZitholakala ngokuvama okwandayo ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile njengemifula, amachibi, kanye nezindawo zokungena kwamanzi. Ngemva kokusetshenziswa ngabantu, umzimba uguqula umuthi ube yizinto ezihlukahlukene ezikhishwa ngomchamo bese zigcina sezindleleni zokulahla indle.
Inkinga ukuthi abaningi Izitshalo zokuhlanza amanzi angcolile aziklanyelwe ukususa ngokuphelele Lezi zinhlobo zamakhemikhali ayinkimbinkimbi. Amanye awo ayasinda enkambisweni yokwelashwa futhi agcine esezindleleni zamanzi, okwenezela kwezinye izinto ezingcolisayo ezivelayo njengemithi yokucindezeleka, imithi yokukhathazeka, imithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu, noma i-caffeine.
Sezivele zitholakale eSpain, eJalimane nase-United Kingdom. iminonjana ye-cocaine ne-benzoylecgonine emifuleni emininganangaphakathi kwezinhlelo zokulawula ikhwalithi yamanzi angcolile kanye namanzi. Nakuba amazinga ngokuvamile ephansi, ukuchayeka okuqhubekayo kwezinhlanzi kule "cocktail" yamakhemikhali sekuqala ukukhathazeka ochwepheshe bezemvelo zasemanzini.
Inkinga enkulu akuyona nje ukuthi izidakamizwa zifinyelela emfuleni kangakanani, kodwa Yimiphi imiphumela le mithamo emincane kodwa engaguquki enayo ekuziphatheni? kanye nempilo yezinhlobo ezibalulekile, njenge-Atlantic salmon, ezidlala indima ebalulekile ekwakhiweni nasekusebenzeni kwezinhlelo zemvelo zomfula.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, amacala aphawulekayo achazwe eYurophu ngezinye izinto ezithinta ingqondo: kusukela i-trout enezimpawu zokulutha kanye nokuhoxa okuhambisana ne-methamphetamines...ngisho nezinhlanzi ezishintsha ukuhlalisana kwazo noma isibindi lapho zikhona izidakamizwa ezibangela ukukhathazeka, nakwezinye izifundo zasolwandle, njengalezo ezihlobene Oshaka baseBahamasI-Cocaine kanye nama-metabolites ayo kuyingxenye yalesi simo esifanayo sokungcoliswa kwemithi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuhlolwa echibini elikhulu lemvelo eSweden
Ukuze kutholakale ukuthi lezi zingcolisi ziyayishintsha yini ngempela indlela izinhlanzi eziziphatha ngayo endle, ithimba elakhiwe yi- Abacwaningi baseGriffith University (e-Australia), iSweden University of Agricultural Sciences, iZoological Society yaseLondon, kanye neMax Planck Institute for Animal Behavior Wenza ucwaningo olukhulu eLake Vättern eSweden.
Lolu cwaningo, olushicilelwe kumagazini wesayensi i-Current Biology, lugxile ku I-salmon yase-Atlantic esemncane engu-105 Lezi zinhlobo zaqashwa amasonto ayisishiyagalombili endaweni yemvelo ngokuphelele. Zazisesigabeni esibucayi kakhulu somjikelezo wokuphila kwazo, lapho ukunyakaza nokusabalala kwazo kuyo yonke indawo kuthinta kakhulu ukusinda kwazo okulandelayo.
Ososayensi bahlukanise izinhlanzi zibe amaqembu amathathu okwelashwa: iqembu lokulawula (elingenakho ukuchayeka), iqembu elichayeka ku-cocaine kanye neqembu lesithathu elichayeka ku-benzoylecgonine, okuyi-metabolite evame kakhulu yalesi sidakamizwa futhi lelo elivame ukutholakala ngezinga elikhulu kumanethiwekhi okuhlanzeka kanye nemisele yamanzi.
Ukuze baphinde bakhe kabusha ukunyakaza echibini elikhulu, ithimba lisebenzise izimila zamakhemikhali ezikhishwa kancane zihlanganiswe nezinhlelo ze-acoustic telemetryInhlanzi ngayinye yayinamathegiwe futhi ilandelwa kusetshenziswa ama-receiver afakwe ezindaweni ezahlukene zechibi, okuvumela ukunyakaza kwayo ukuthi kuqoshwe ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuyigcina ivalelwe noma ukushintsha ukusebenzisana kwayo kwemvelo.
Le ndlela imele igxathu elikhulu phambili uma kuqhathaniswa nezifundo eziningi zangaphambilini, ezenziwa ezindaweni zokugcina amanzi noma emathangini alawulwayo, lapho Izinhlanzi zihlala zodwa zikude nobunzima bangempela bezinto eziphilayo.Nokho, eLake Vättern, i-salmon kwadingeka ibhekane nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ukuhlukahluka kokutholakala kokudla, ukuba khona kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane, kanye nokuncintisana ngendawo, okwenza imiphumela yaba nokubaluleka okukhulu kakhulu emvelweni.
Ukunyakaza okungavamile: babhukuda baqhubeke futhi basakazeke kakhulu
Ngemva kwesikhathi sokulandelela, idatha yembula iphethini ecacile: I-Salmon etholakale ku-benzoylecgonine yashintsha ngendlela ehlukile kunaleyo engavezwanga.Ngokukhethekile, babhukuda izikhathi ezifika ku-1,9 ngesonto kuneqembu elilawulayo futhi basakaze amakhilomitha angu-12,3 engeziwe ngaphesheya kwechibi.
Abacwaningi baphinde baphawula ukuthi Lo mehluko ebangeni elihanjiwe kanye nokuhlakazeka wanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathiLokhu kwakungewona umphumela wesikhashana wezinsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala zokuchayeka, kodwa kwakuwushintsho oluqhubekayo endleleni i-salmon eyayisebenzisa ngayo isikhala esitholakalayo endaweni yemvelo.
Kwakumangalisa kakhulu ukuthi i-metabolite yayinomphumela ocacile kakhulu kune-cocaine uqoboNakuba izinhlanzi ezazichayeke ngqo kulesi sidakamizwa zabonisa izinguquko, yilezo ezazichayeke ku-benzoylecgonine ezabonisa ukwanda okukhulu komsebenzi kanye nokuhamba ibanga elide.
Lo mphumela ukhathaza ochwepheshe ngoba, empeleni, Okutholakala kakhulu emifuleni nasemachibini aseYurophu yizinto ezitholakala kalula.hhayi kakhulu into yokuqala. Ukuhlolwa kwezingozi zemvelo kuvame ukugxila ku-cocaine njengenhlanganisela ebhekisela kuyo, kodwa akunaki iqiniso lokuthi izinto eziphuma kuyo zingahlala isikhathi eside emanzini futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, zibe nemiphumela emibi kakhulu yebhayoloji.
Ngokusho kwababhali, indawo inhlanzi ebheke kuyo iyona enqumayo lokho abakudlayo, yiziphi izilwane ezidla ezinye abazihlangana nazo, kanye nendlela amaqembu ahlelwe ngayo ngaphakathi kwendawo ezungezile. Uma ukungcola kuphoqa i-salmon ukuba ihambe ngaphezu kokujwayelekile futhi isakazeke ezindaweni ezahlukene, kungenzeka ukuthi lokhu kunyakaza okushintshiwe kuzogcina kuthinte izinqubo eziyisisekelo zemvelo.
Kungani ukuthutha okwengeziwe kungeyona into enhle ngempela
Uma uqala ukubheka kungase kubonakale sengathi inhlanzi ebhukuda kakhulu futhi ehamba amabanga amade Kunenzuzo, isibonelo, lapho kutholwa ukudla noma kunqotshwa izithiyo ezifana namadamu nezitshalo zikagesi. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi baphikelela ngokuthi lokhu akuyona intuthuko evumelana nezimo, kodwa kunalokho impendulo ephoqelelwa ukuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali ohlelweni lwezinzwa.
Ukwanda okuqhubekayo komsebenzi wokubhukuda kusho ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okwengeziwe Izinhlanzi ezincane zingase zibe nobunzima bokuzivumelanisa nezimo. Esigabeni sokuphila lapho wonke amandla ebaluleka khona, ukutshala imali eningi kakhulu ekunyakazeni kungashiya izinsiza ezimbalwa zokukhula, ukuqinisa amasosha omzimba, noma ukubhekana nokufuduka okulandelayo olwandle.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhambahamba kakhulu nokuhlakazeka ngokweqile kunesinye isici: ukwanda kokuchayeka ezitheniIzingane ezincane ezishiya izindawo ezivikelwe kahle noma ezishintsha ukuziphatha kwazo kokuhlangana zilahlekelwa yisivikelo esinikezwa yiqembu, okungase kuholele ekunciphiseni ukusinda kwangempela, yize ukulinganisa leli phuzu ngokunembile kuzodinga ucwaningo olwengeziwe.
Abalobi basikhumbuza ukuthi, emvelweni, ukunyakaza akuyona into yesibili eguquguqukayo. Thola ukuxhumana phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene zomfula noma ichibiLokhu kuthonya indlela abantu abahlangana ngayo futhi kulungisa ngayo ukushintshana kwezakhamzimba phakathi kwezingxenye zomfula kanye nezindawo zemvelo zasogwini. Ukushintsha lolu hlelo, ngisho nangokubangela "kuphela" izinhlanzi ukuba zibhukude kakhulu, kungabangela izinguquko ezisakazeka kulo lonke uchungechunge lokudla.
Ezinye izifundo ngokungcola kwemithi nazo zithole ukuthi, imiphumela kumakhemikhali obuchopho, ukucindezeleka kwe-oxidative, kanye ne-metabolism yamandla kwezilwane zasemanzini ezivezwe ezingxubeni ezahlukene. Nakuba lolu cwaningo nge-salmon lungazange lulinganise ngokuqondile izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nokuzala, ukukhula, noma ukusinda isikhathi eside, kunezindlela ezinengqondo ezixhumanisa izinguquko zokuziphatha nemiphumela elandelayo empilweni kanye nokuguquguquka kwenani labantu.
Impilo yabantu: i-alamu yabezindaba, kodwa ingozi yangempela iphansi kakhulu
Umqondo wokuthi kungase kube khona "I-cocaine enhlanzini" ivame ukuba yizihloko eziheha amehlo kanye nokukhathazeka okuthile kulabo abadla izinhlanzi zasemfuleni noma ezifuywayo. Kodwa-ke, abacwaningi bagcizelela ukuthi imiphumela yocwaningo ayikhombisi inkinga yokuphepha kokudla kubantu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amazinga okuchayeka asetshenziswe ekuhlolweni Zalungiswa ukuze zilingane nobuningi obutholakale kakade emigwaqweni yamanzi engcolile, ngaphandle kokwengeza inani elingaphezu kwalokho ezinye izindawo zemvelo ezikubonayo ngempela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lawa ma-compound awaqongelelani unomphela ezicutshini, kodwa ayaguqulwa abe yi-metabolism futhi asuswe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-salmon ehlaziywe eLake Vättern yayine- izingane ezincane ezingaphansi kakhulu kosayizi osemthethweni wokubanjwaNgamanye amazwi, babengeke bangene ochungechungeni lokudla oluhloselwe ukudliwa ngabantu. Inhloso kwakuwukuhlola umthelela ekuziphatheni kwezinhlobo kanye nemvelo, hhayi ingozi eqondile kwabadla izinhlanzi.
Ngokuvamile, idatha etholakalayo ku- Ukuqapha imvelo kanye nobuthi Zibonisa ukuthi amazinga e-cocaine kanye nemikhiqizo yayo etholakala ezinhlanzini zasendle eYurophu angaphansi kakhulu kwemingcele ebhekwa njengeyingozi empilweni yabantu. Nakuba isithombe se-salmon "esingcolile yi-cocaine" singase siphazamise, ubufakazi besayensi bamanje abusekeli ukuthi kukhona ingozi enkulu kubantu kulokhu.
Lapho kukhona ukukhathazeka okwandayo kusemkhakheni wezemvelo. Lolu cwaningo lunezela emsebenzini obonisa ukuthi, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokufinyelela imithamo enobuthi ebukhali, Izinto ezingcolisa imithi zingashintsha ukuziphatha kanye nokusebenza kwezilwane ngendlela engabonakali kodwa eqhubekayo, kanye nemiphumela engaba khona eqongelelekayo ezingeni labantu.
Inkinga yomhlaba wonke yokungcoliswa kwemithi
I-Cocaine kanye nama-metabolites ayo kuphela ucezu lwephazili enkulu kakhuluUdaba lwezinto ezingcolisa imithi emanzini angaphakathi nezwe. Kuze kube manje, amakhulu ezinto ezivela kubantu—kufaka phakathi amakhemikhali emithi angaphezu kuka-900—atholakale emifuleni nasemachibini emhlabeni wonke, kusukela eYurophu kuya eMelika nase-Asia, njengoba kuboniswe okutholakele ku- I-Cocaine, i-caffeine, kanye nemithi yokubulala izinhlungu koshaka eBahamas.
Lokhu kungcola kufaka phakathi imithi yokucindezeleka, imithi yokukhathazeka, imithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu, imithi yokulwa nokuvuvukala kanye neminye imithi esetshenziswa kakhulu, eyenzelwe ukusebenza ngemithamo ephansi kakhulu ezinhlelweni ezithile zezinto eziphilayo. Uma zifika endaweni yemvelo, zingathinta izinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, kanye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezazingakaze zibe yizisulu zokukhula kwazo kwasekuqaleni.
Endabeni ye-salmon yase-Atlantic, ukuzwela kubaluleke kakhulu. Lolu uhlobo oluqhuba enye yezindawo ezifudukayo ezidinga kakhulu emhlabeni wezilwaneZishintshana phakathi kwamanzi ahlanzekile namanzi anosawoti, futhi zithembele ezindleleni zemvelo ezicashile kakhulu ukuze ziqondise ukunyakaza kwazo. Noma yiluphi ushintsho ekuziphatheni kwazo noma ekulinganisweni kwamandla kungathinta kakhulu ukuphila kwabantu bazo.
Abacwaningi baveza ukuthi imifula yaseYurophu, ngandlela thile, iba "amalabhorethri angahlosiwe" lapho kuxutshwa khona ama-compound amaningi okusebenzisana kwazo kanye nemiphumela yazo yesikhathi eside okungakaqondakali ngokugcwele. Ukuba khona ngesikhathi esisodwa kwezidakamizwa ezingekho emthethweni, imithi, imikhiqizo yokunakekela umuntu siqu, kanye nezinye izinto ezingcolisayo kwenza isimo sibe nzima futhi kwenza kube nzima kakhulu ukuhlobanisa ushintsho ngalunye olubonwayo nomuthi othile.
Lo mongo uholele umphakathi wesayensi ukuthi ubuze izinqubomgomo zokuhlanza amanzi ezithuthukisiwe kakhuluokwaziyo ukuqeda ingxenye enkulu yale mfucuza, nokuqinisa izinhlelo zokuqapha imvelo ukuze kutholakale futhi kuhlolwe lezi zingcolisi ezivelayo ngaphambi kokuba imiphumela yazo ingalungiseki kwezinye izinhlobo.
Yiziphi izinyathelo ososayensi abaziphakamisayo kusukela manje kuqhubeke?
Ucwaningo olwenziwe nge-salmon encane eLake Vättern lubhekwa njenge- isinyathelo sokuqala esibalulekile okufanele siboniswe ezimweni zemvelo ukuthi ukungcola kwe-cocaine kanye nezidakamizwa ezitholakala ku-cocaine kungashintsha ukunyakaza kanye nokusetshenziswa kwesikhala ezinhlanzini zasendle. Kusukela kulokhu, abacwaningi baphakamisa imigqa eminingana yocwaningo ehambisanayo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inhloso ukuhlaziya indlela i-salmon endala iyaphendulaLezi zinhlobo zibonisa amaphethini okufuduka ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu futhi ukuziphatha kwazo kuthonya ngqo ukuzala kanye nokugcinwa kwenani lazo. Kuze kube manje, ukukhethwa kwezingane ezincane kube ngenxa yezizathu ezimbili zebhayoloji—kuyisigaba esibucayi—kanye nezisebenzayo, njengoba kulula ukuzisingatha futhi ukuqapha kwazo kuthembekile kakhudlwana.
Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luhlelwe futhi imiphumela yesikhathi eside yemvelo ngalezi zinguquko ekuhambeni. Ukuze benze lokhu, amaqembu ocwaningo acabangela ukusetshenziswa kwamadivayisi okurekhoda athuthukile, njenge-biologgers, ezibavumela ukuthi baqaphe eduze amazinga okucindezeleka, izehlakalo zokudliwa kwezinhlanzi, kanye nendawo eqondile yezinhlanzi isikhathi eside.
Okunye okubalulekile ukuthi buyekeza izindlela zamanje zokuhlola ubungozi bemvelo ukucabangela hhayi nje kuphela izinto zokuqala, kodwa futhi nama-metabolites azo kanye nemikhiqizo yokuwohloka. Icala le-benzoylecgonine, elinomthelela omkhulu ekuziphatheni kwe-salmon kune-cocaine, libonisa ukuthi ukungazinaki lezi zinto eziphuma kuzo kungasho ukunganaki ingxenye ebalulekile yenkinga.
Ekugcineni, ososayensi bagcizelela isidingo sokwamukela indlela ehlanganisiwe kakhudlwana, ehlanganisa ikhemistri yezemvelo, i-ecology yokuziphatha, kanye nempilo yomphakathiKungale ndlela kuphela lapho kuzokwenzeka khona ukulinganisa ngokucophelela izinga ukuchayeka okungapheli kulezi zinhlanganisela okushintsha ngalo hhayi nje kuphela ukuziphatha kwezinhlanzi ngazinye, kodwa futhi nesakhiwo kanye nokusebenza kwezindawo zemvelo zomfula zizonke.
Ubufakazi obuqoqiwe bubonisa ukuthi ukungcoliswa yi-cocaine nezinye izinto ezibangela ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo Akukhona nje ukungcolisa amanzi; kuphazamisa izinqubo eziyisisekelo njengokunyakaza, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla, kanye nendlela ama-salmon asendle asakazeka ngayo endaweni yawo yokuhlala. Ngenkathi ingozi kubathengi bezinhlanzi njengamanje ibonakala iphansi kakhulu, umthelela wemvelo emifuleni nasemachibini aseYurophu uvela njengenselele ethule edinga ukuthuthukiswa kokubili ekuphathweni kwamanzi kanye nokuqapha kwesayensi kwalezi zinto ezingcolisayo ezivelayo.