La umoya-mpilo ezindaweni zasemanzini Ngesinye salezo zihloko ezinqamula imikhakha: i-aquaculture, ukwelashwa kwamanzi, ezolimo, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwabantu. Uma sikhuluma ngamanzi afaka umoya-mpilo, sibhekisela ekwandiseni umoya-mpilo otholakala empilweni kanye nezinqubo zamakhemikhali nezebhayoloji ezigcina ibhalansi yawo. Kuzwakala kulula, kepha kunesayensi eminingi ngemuva kwakho futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, imiphumela esebenzayo.
Inhliziyo yodaba yile i-oxygen encibilikisiwe (DO), leyo ngxenyana yomoya-mpilo (O2) ehlala emanzini futhi ingasetshenziswa izinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, izitshalo zasemanzini kanye nama-microorganisms. Ivezwa ngama-milligrams ilitha ngalinye (mg/L) noma izingxenye ngesigidi (ppm), futhi nangokuthi iphesenti lokugcwala, eqhathanisa i-DO ekhona nenani eliphakeme amanzi angaliqukatha ngezinga lokushisa elithile nokucindezela. Inani elizungezile 5 mg/L noma ngaphezulu Ngokuvamile kubhekwa njengokunempilo ekusetshenzisweni okuningi, nakuba konke kuncike kumongo.
Iyini i-oksijeni yamanzi futhi kungani ibalulekile?
Amanzi akhipha umoya-mpilo aqukethe ukwandisa DO ukugxila ngezindlela zemvelo (iziyaluyalu, izimpophoma, i-photosynthesis) noma izindlela zokwenziwa (ukungenisa umoya, umjovo we-oxygen, njll.). Lo moya-mpilo ubalulekile ekuphefumuleni izinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla kanye namagciwane e-aerobic, okuthi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kulimaze izinto eziphilayo futhi ivale imijikelezo yezakhi. Uma izinga lehla kakhulu, izinto eziphilayo ziba nengcindezi, iphunga elibi livela ngenxa yomsebenzi we-anaerobic, futhi i-ecosystem iyahlupheka.
I-OD nayo iyi-a inkomba yekhwalithi engukhiye: Amanani aphezulu avame ukuhlotshaniswa namanzi ahlanzekile, anomoya-mpilo omuhle; amanani aphansi akhombisa ukungcola, i-eutrophication noma ukuma. Ngisho nezici zobuhle ezifana nephunga, ukucaca, kanye nokunambitheka kwamanzi kuyathuthuka uma umoya-mpilo umningi futhi ukuwohloka kwe-aerobic kusebenza kahle.
Imithombo ye-oxygen encibilikisiwe kanye nokuguquguquka kwansuku zonke
Amanzi athola umoya-mpilo ngezindlela eziningi. Esokuqala yi- ukushintshana nomkhathi, ikakhulukazi uma kukhona amagagasi, amaza noma isiyaluyalu avuselela ifilimu engaphezulu futhi enze kube lula ukuhlakazwa kwe-O2Umzila wesibili omkhulu yi- i-photosynthesis zezitshalo zasemanzini, njenge-ambulia, ulwelwe kanye ne-phytoplankton, okukhulula umoya-mpilo emanzini phakathi nosuku.
Ukusabela okuphelele kwe-photosynthesis kungenziwa lula ngale ndlela elandelayo: CO2 + H2O → O2 + C.6H12O6 (ebukhoneni bokukhanya ne-chlorophyll). Ngesikhathi sasemini i-DO ijwayele ukwenza ukwanda, ngenkathi ebusuku, ngaphandle kwe-photosynthesis, yehla Ngoba zonke izinto eziphilayo ziyaqhubeka nokuphefumula. Ngakho-ke, emachibini akhiqizayo noma emachibini, ubuncane be-oxygen buvame ukwenzeka. ekuntweleni kokusa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye enkulu yomoya-mpilo womoya womhlaba wonke ivela eziphilayo zasolwandle photosynthetic, ne-phytoplankton edlala indima enkulu. Nakuba isibalo sihluka kuye ngomthombo, kusobala ukuthi umnikelo wabo ubalulekile emhlabeni kanye nebhalansi ye-DO emanzini emvelo.
Izinto ezinquma amazinga e-OD
La lokushisa imiyalo. Amanzi abandayo ancibilikisa umoya-mpilo omningi kunamanzi afudumele, ngakho-ke ngokushisa ukuncibilika kwehla futhi i-DO etholakalayo iyancipha. Lokhu kubhebhetheka ngoba izinhlanzi nezinye izinto eziphilayo, ukuba ama-poikilotherms (ezinegazi elibandayo), i-metabolism yazo ikhuphuka ngezinga lokushisa futhi idla umoya-mpilo owengeziwe. Isibonelo sakudala: ku-5°C i-trout ingasebenzisa ~50-60 mg O2/h, kodwa ngo-25 ºC uzodinga kahlanu noma kasithupha ngaphezulu.
La usawoti Futhi kunciphisa ukuncibilika kwamagesi: usawoti oncibilike kakhulu, ngaphansi kwe-OD ingabamba amanzi. Ngokufanayo, i- umfutho womkhathi nokuphakama ithonya: ukuphakama kokuphakama, ukwehla kwengcindezi kanye ne-oxygen encane etholakalayo ukuze ihlakazwe; ukucindezela ekujuleni kwandisa ukuncibilika, nakuba ukuhlukaniswa emanzini ajulile kusengaholela emazingeni aphansi uma kungekho ukuxutshwa.
El ukunyakaza kwamanzi Kuyisihluthulelo. Imisinga, amagagasi, izimpophoma, noma umoya ongenisa umoya ukhuphula ukuhwebelana kwegesi; ngokuphambene nalokho, amanzi amile noma anezinxushunxushu eziphansi avame ukwethula Ama-OD aphansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngobuningi izinto eziphilayo (amaqabunga, indle, izinsalela zokudla) kubangela ukuphefumula kwebhaktheriya kanye nesidingo somoya-mpilo, kwehlisa i-DO. Lokhu kungaphakathi kwe- ukukhishwa kwesichazamazwi, evundisa amanzi, ibangela ukuqhakaza kwe-algal futhi, lapho yonakele, iqede umoya-mpilo.
Kubalulekile ukugwema igesi supersaturationNjengomthetho ojwayelekile, isamba samagesi ahlakazekile akufanele sidlule 110%. Ngaphezulu kwalo mkhawulo kungase kube namacala okuthi “isifo se-gas bubble“Ezinhlanzini (i-embolism, i-emphysema emaphikweni noma esikhunjeni), into engavamile kodwa engenzeka; izilwane ezingenamgogodla zasemanzini nazo zingathinteka, nakuba zisezingeni eliphezulu.
Amazinga anele kanye nobubanzi bereferensi
Ukuze uthole isiqondiso, 4–5 mg/L I-OD imvamisa ithathwa njengencane ukuze kusimame imiphakathi eyahlukene de peces, ngenkathi ikhona amanzi amahle okudoba Akuyona into engavamile ukubona amasokisi eseduze I-9 mg / L. Ngezansi I-3 mg / L izinkinga ezinkulu ziqala futhi uma i-OD iwela 1–2 mg/L amahora ambalwa kungenzeka ukufa kwabantu abaningi.
En aquaculture, abaningi izinhlobo ezishisayo sebenza kahle nxazonke 5-6 ppm, kodwa inhloso yokuphatha ivamise ukuba phezulu kakhulu, nxazonke 7 ppm noma ngaphezulu, ukunikeza imaji yokuphepha. Kubalulekile futhi ukuqapha iphesenti lokugcwala: amanani phakathi I-80-120% zibhekwa njengezinhle kakhulu, futhi ngezansi 60% noma ngaphezulu 125% ungena endaweni enobungozi.
Ukuzwela kuncike ku- izinhlobo, ubukhulu, isimo sokuphila, izinga lokushisa kanye nokungcola. Umsebenzi omkhulu (ukubhukuda, ukucindezeleka ezinhlanzi, ukwelashwa), ukwanda kokusetshenziswa komoya-mpilo; ukuphakela kuphakamisa i-metabolism futhi uma i-DO iphansi, izinhlanzi zingase ziyeke ukudla (zilimaza i- ukuguqulwa kwesiphakeli kanye nenzuzo). Ngakho-ke, ukulawula okuhle kwe-DO kuyithuluzi lezomnotho kanye nemvelo.
I-nuance ebalulekile: amanzi amabili ane I-5 mg / L Ama-OD awanikezi inhlanzi ukunethezeka okufanayo uma ikude I-10 ºC nenye eya ku- I-30 ºCUkushintsha kwesimo sezulu okuhlobene nesidingo se-metabolic, ngakho-ke kubalulekile ukuhumusha i-mg/L ngokuhambisana nezinga lokushisa nomongo.
Izindlela ezisebenzayo zamanzi afaka umoya-mpilo
Kukhona izixazululo cishe zonke izimo. ama-aerator nama-diffuser Bajova amabhamuza amahle athuthukisa ukudluliswa komoyampilo endaweni yonke; zivamile ezindaweni zokuhlanza amanzi nasemachibini. de peces. I izimpophoma nemithombo Basebenzisa isiphithiphithi samanzi awelayo, indlela yemvelo futhi, ngenhlanhla, yobuhle.
Ngezidingo eziphezulu, i- umjovo we-oxygen ohlanzekile Isebenza kahle kakhulu kunomoya wasemkhathini: ivumela amazinga aphezulu e-DO ukuthi afinyelelwe futhi agcinwe ngokushesha, into ebaluleke kakhulu amapulazi ezinhlanzi noma amasistimu okujikeleza kabusha. I agitators mechanical (amasondo okugwedla, ama-impeller) akhuphula ukuthintana kwamanzi omoya futhi akhuthaze ukuxubana kukholomu.
Kukhona ezinye izindlela ezifana i-electrolysis (ukuhlukaniswa kwe-H2 I2 sebenzisa yamanje) noma i izinhlelo ze-ozoneI-ozone ayiwona umoya-mpilo omsulwa, kodwa lapho ibola emanzini ikhipha i-O2, ngenkathi esebenza njenge i-oxidant kanye ne-disinfectantKodwa-ke, kudinga ukuklama nokulawula ngokucophelela ukuze kugwenywe imikhiqizo noma ukweqisa.
Emkhakheni wasekhaya kukhona imishini yokufaka umoya-mpilo amanzi kampompi ngokusebenzisa i-microdiffusion noma i-venturi, enikeza amanzi athathwa njengasemasha. Nakuba izinzuzo eziqondile ze-physiological zokuphuza "i-hydrogen peroxide" ziyindaba yempikiswano, ezingeni le ukunambitheka kanye nephunga Ukuthuthukiswa kubonakala lapho umsebenzi we-anaerobic kanye nezinhlanganisela ezithile ze-organoleptic zilinganiselwe.
Ikalwa kanjani i-oxygen encibilikile
Ukulinganisa kahle kuyingxenye yesixazululo. Indlela ye-classic yilena I-Winkler titration, ebophezela umoya-mpilo kusampula ngochungechunge lokusabela futhi ivumele ukulinganisa kwawo ngokunemba okukhulu. Kuyindinganiso yaselabhorethri yokulinganisa nokulawula ikhwalithi.
Ngokusebenza okuqhubekayo, zisetshenziswa izinzwa electrochemical (i-galvanic noma i-polarographic) ekala okwamanje okukhiqizwa ukuncishiswa kwe-O2 ku-cathode. Zidinga ulwelwesi nokunakekelwa kwe-electrolyte, kodwa zinikeza idatha yesikhathi sangempela.
Okuhlukile kwesimanje yi- izinzwa ze-optical luminescence, ebona indlela umoya-mpilo “ocima” ngayo i-fluorescence kadayi. Azinzile, anembe, futhi anokuphazamiseka okuncane, alungele ukuqapha okuqhubekayo ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima.
Ukukhetha indlela kuncike isabelomali, ukunemba kuyadingeka kanye nemvelo (insimu, ilabhorethri, umugqa wenqubo). Kunoma yikuphi, ukulinganiswa kwezikhathi ezithile kanye nemikhuba emihle yamasampula kwenza umehluko.
Izicelo kanye nezinzuzo emikhakheni ehlukene
En aquaculture, i-DO ezinzile futhi ephakeme inciphisa ukucindezeleka, ithuthukisa ukukhula futhi yehlise ukwenzeka kwezifo. Ukuphatha ngendlela efanele kuvumela ukwanda kokuminyana kwezitshalo ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni inhlalakahle, kuthuthukisa ukukhiqiza.
En ezolimo, ukunisela ngamanzi anomoya-mpilo omuhle kuthuthukisa izimpande ezinempilo, ukumuncwa kwezakhi zomzimba futhi igwema ukwehlisa indawo enhlabathini ebumbene noma esuthisiwe, kuncishiswe izinhlanganisela ezinobuthi esitshalweni.
En ukuphathwa kwendleI-oksijeni iwuphethiloli wama-microorganisms e-aerobic ehlisa izinto eziphilayo futhi enze i-ammonium ibe ama-nitrites nama-nitrate. Ukugcina i-DO isebangeni elifanele kuqinisekisa izinqubo ezisebenza kahle. esebenza kahle futhi ezinzile.
En imvelo yemvelo, i-oxygenation isiza ukuhlehlisa iziqephu ze i-hypoxia, ukulwa ne-eutrophication nokubuyisela impilo yasemanzini. Kunezimo ezibhaliwe emifuleni emikhulu lapho, ngemva kwamashumi eminyaka amazinga aphansi, ukutholwa kwe-DO kwandise ukuhlukahluka kwemvelo kanye namathuba okungcebeleka.
para ukusetshenziswa kwabantu, amazinga anele e-DO athuthukisa ukunambitheka kanye nombono wokusha. Qaphela umlingani wezimboni: lapho amanzi enqubo eba ne-oksijini eyengeziwe, i-oxygen iyashesha ukugqwala emapayipini nasezinsizeni, ngezindleko ezihambisana nalokhu.
I-oksijeni ku-aquaculture: ukuphathwa okuhle kanye nobuchwepheshe
Amasistimu okulima aveza amaqiniso ahlukene. Ku amachibi, i-photosynthesis yasemini nokuphefumula ebusuku kubangela ama-oscillations amakhulu; phakathi amakheji olwandle, imisinga nezinguquko zokushisa zishintsha ukunikezwa komoya-mpilo; phakathi ukujikeleza kabusha (RAS), umthwalo wezinto eziphilayo kanye nokusebenza kahle kwezihlungi zebhayoloji kunquma isidingo se-O2Ukuqonda ukuguquguquka okuthile kwesistimu kubalulekile ekulawuleni ngempumelelo.
Ukwamukelwa kwe Amajeneretha omoya we-PSA (i-pressure swing adsorption) ivumela ukukhiqizwa kwe-O2 in situ emoyeni ozungezile. Lobu buchwepheshe buhlukanisa ngokukhetha i-nitrogen futhi bunikeze umfudlana we umoya-mpilo ogxilile, ukwehlisa izindleko zokuhamba uma kuqhathaniswa namasilinda noma uketshezi. Iphinde inikeze ukuzinza futhi inciphise umkhondo wezokuthutha.
Gcina amaleveli alungile futhi angashintshi nge-O2 ukuhlanzeka okuphezulu kuthuthukisa impilo yezinhlanzi, inyusa izinga lokukhula futhi inciphisa izenzakalo zokucindezeleka. Mayelana nokukhiqiza, ukufa okuphansi kanye nokuguqulwa okungcono kokuphakelayo kuhumusha kube inzuzo ephakemeYiqiniso, uhlelo kufanele lulinganiswe ngokuhlakanipha futhi lusetshenzwe ngokuqapha okuqhubekayo.
Izindlela ezinhle eziyinhloko: ukusetshenziswa ama-blower nama-diffuser yamabhamuza amahle asatshalaliswe kahle, faka izinhlelo zokuqapha ye-OD, izinga lokushisa nokugeleza, futhi uqinisekise a ukugcinwa njalo (ukuhlanza ama-diffuser, amaphampu okuhlola, isipele samandla). Lokhu kuvimbela ukwehla okungalindelekile emazingeni komoyampilo, okungabiza kakhulu.
Singakhohlwa abaphathi be umthwalo wezinto eziphilayo: Izinsalela zokudla kanye nendle kwandisa isidingo somoya-mpilo. Ukuhlunga okusebenzayo, ukuphonswa, nokuvuselela amanzi kancane kusiza ukugcina i-DO. Kufanele futhi kubhekwe ukuthi izilwane ezinkulu, nge umsebenzi owandayo noma ukudla kakhulu, sebenzisa umoya-mpilo owengeziwe; ukuhlela ukuphakelwa kanye nokulungisa izabelo ku-DO etholakalayo kuyithuluzi lokuphatha eliwusizo kakhulu.
I-chemistry yamanzi: i-redox, izakhi kanye ne-anoxia
I-oksijeni iyi-protagonist yabaningi ukusabela kwe-redox elawula amakhemikhali asemanzini. Ezindaweni ezine-oxygen kahle, izinqubo ezifana i-nitrification guqula i-ammonium ibe ama-nitrites nama-nitrate, amafomu athathwa kalula yizitshalo. Lapho umoya-mpilo uyindlala, kuba nezimo i-hypoxic noma i-anoxic kanye nezinto ezingafuneki (isb., i-hydrogen sulfide) kusuka ezinhlakeni, okunomthelela ephunga nobuthi.
Kuzo zonke lezi zizathu, i-OD akuyona nje inombolo: intambo abayidonsayo. izinga lamanzi, ibhalansi yemvelo kanye nokusebenza kwenqubo. Ukuyigcina ingaphakathi kwebanga elifanele kuvimbela izimanga ezingajabulisi ezinkomba zomzimba, zamakhemikhali, nezebhayoloji.
Amanzi okuphuza nezimboni: ukunambitheka, ukugqwala nama-boilers
Kumanethiwekhi wokuhlinzeka, i-OD ephezulu ivame ukuhlotshaniswa nayo ukunambitheka okungcono. Kodwa-ke, ngokombono wobunjiniyela, ukugxila okuphezulu kusheshisa i- ukugqwala wamapayipi nezinto zokusebenza. Ngakho-ke, izimboni eziningi zizama ukunciphisa umoya-mpilo emanzini okucubungula ukuze kuvikelwe izimpahla futhi kuqinisekiswe ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Kuma-boilers, izinga lidinga kakhulu: ngisho nasezinsizeni ze umfutho ophansi okuncane okufunwayo I-2 mg / L, futhi ezimweni eziningi amanani aseduze I-0,007 mg / L (7 µg/L). I-Deoxygenation by ama-deaerator ashisayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-oxygen scavenger kuyingxenye yebhukwana lokusinda lanoma iyiphi isitshalo.
Amasu okuthuthukisa nokugcina i-OD
Uma umgomo uwukuthuthukisa nokugcina umoya-mpilo oncibilikile, kunezinhlangothi ezintathu. Okokuqala, umoya nokuxubana ezifanele: ama-aera osayizi, lungisa indawo yawo, futhi usebenzise imisinga yemvelo. Okwesibili, ukulawula umthwalo: ukunciphisa okokufaka kukamanyolo, ukugeleza, nezinto eziphilayo; kwezolimo nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni, lokhu kusho izindlela zokuphatha umhlabathi ezinhle. Okwesithathu, ukuqapha: Ngaphandle kwedatha yesikhathi sangempela, umkhawulo wokusabela uyancipha.
Lapho amazinga ebucayi, i umjovo we-oxygen (Imithombo ye-PSA noma ye-O2) inikeza impendulo enamandla kakhulu. Ezimweni ezicindezelayo kancane, ngcono i isiphithiphithiUkufaka izimpophoma noma ukuklama kabusha ukujikeleza kungase kwanele. Iqhinga ukulinganisa izindleko, ubungozi, nezinjongo zekhwalithi yamanzi.
Kuyafaneleka futhi ukukhumbula ukuthi supersaturation Akuyona ingozi. Ukuklama amasistimu agwema ukweqa ngokuphawulekayo ukugcwala kwegesi okungu-100% kuzosiza ukugwema i-bubble pathology ezilwaneni zasemanzini. Ukulawula okuzenzakalelayo okunama-alamu e-DO noma inani eliphakeme legesi kuyigolide elimsulwa.
Amanani ayisethenjwa nokufunda idatha ehlakaniphile
Ngaphandle kwemithetho ejwayelekile, wonke amanzi anobuntu bawo. Noma kunjalo, ngihlose ≥5 mg/L njengesisekelo kanye nomsebenzi ebangeni le 80–120% ukugcwaliswa kwesikhala Iwumhlahlandlela owusizo kuma-ecosystems, aquaculture, kanye nezinqubo. Ukurekhoda iphethini yansuku zonke (okungenani ekuntweleni kokusa, ubuningi maphakathi nentambama) kusiza ukukhomba ukungafani manje yenza ngaphambi kokuba inkinga iqhume.
Incazelo ehlanganyelwe ye DO, izinga lokushisa, usawoti kanye nomthwalo wezinto eziphilayo Yilokhu okunikeza isithombe esiphelele. Ngalolu lwazi, ungakwazi ukuhlela ama-aera, ulungise izilinganiso zokuphakelayo, uhlele ukuvuselelwa kwamanzi, futhi unqume ukuthi kufanelekile yini ukutshala imali ekukhiqizeni umoya-mpilo esizeni.
I-aquatic oxygenation, eklanywe kahle futhi iqashwe, iphumela ekubeni imvelo enempilo, izinqubo ezisebenza kahle kakhulu, nemisebenzi enenzuzo eyengeziwe. Ukulawula i-oksijini encibilikile akuyona intokozo yobuchwepheshe: umshwalense wempilo wamanzi esiwasebenzisayo nempilo encike kuwo.
