Ama-octopus, izilwane ezizimele nezingaqondakali, ayesenemfihlo yokuthi azala kanjani isayensi esanda kuyidalula ngokuningiliziwe: Amaduna ayakwazi ukuthola nokufaka umanyolo kwensikazi ngaphandle kokuyibona, eqondiswa kuphela yizimpawu zamakhemikhali ezitholwa yingalo ekhethekile.Lesi sithako, hhayi nje ipayipi elilula lokudlulisa isidoda, sisebenza njengenzwa eyinkimbinkimbi "enambitha" indawo ezungezile futhi ibone umlingani ofanele.
Ucwaningo, olwenziwe yithimba lamazwe ngamazwe le- ososayensi abayishumi nambili abavela e-United States, eJapane naseSweden futhi yanyatheliswa kumagazini Isayensi, ibeka le ngalo yokuzala — okuthiwa i-hectocotylus — phakathi kwendaba ehlanganisa ukuziphatha kocansi, i-neurobiology kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Idatha iphakamisa ukuthi esiqongweni saleyo ngalo kukhona uhlobo lwe-antenna yamakhemikhali emincane kakhulu, ekwazi ukwenza izinqumo cishe ngokwayo. mayelana nokuthi ukuhlangana kwenzeka nini futhi nobani.
Ingalo yokuzala ezwayo, ephungayo, futhi enambithayo
Kuma-octopus angamaduna, enye yezingalo eziyisishiyagalombili iguquka ibe yi-hectocotylus, isakhiwo esilungiselelwe ukukhwelana kuphela.Ngokungafani nezinye, ezisetshenziselwa ukuhlola phansi, ukuphatha izinto noma ukubamba inyamazane, le ngalo ivame ukugoqwa eduze komzimba futhi ayihlanganyeli kakhulu ekufuneni ukudla, okushiwo kakade ukuthi inomsebenzi othize kakhulu.
Indima yakhe yakudala yayaziwa kakhulu: Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, i-hectocotylus ifakwa esifubeni sowesifazane. —umgodi lapho izitho zangaphakathi eziyinhloko zigxile khona—, uthola i-oviduct bese ubeka iphakethe lesidoda elibizwa ngokuthi i-spermatophoreIngalo inomsele okhethekile oqondile othutha leli phakethe lisuka kuma-testes, atholakala esifubeni sendoda, liye esiqongweni se-appendage, lapho izinto zokuzala zikhishwa khona ekugcineni.
Ubusha bufika uma ubheka isakhiwo sayo ngokuningiliziwe. Ososayensi bathole ukuthi i-hectocotylus imbozwe ama-sucker agcwele amangqamuzana ezinzwa, afana kakhulu nalawo asezingalweni ezisele.Ngayinye yalezi zimunca-manzi ingabamba amaseli okwamukela acishe abe yi-10.000, kanti ingxenye enkulu yama-neuron e-octopus angaba yizigidi ezingu-500 ayigxilile ekhanda, kodwa emalungeni ayo, asebenza cishe njengobuchopho obungaphandle.
Lokhu kusho ukuthi I-octopus ayigcini nje ngokuthinta, kodwa ichaza ngamakhemikhali lokho ekuthintayo.Izingalo zayo "zifunda" phansi kolwandle ngokuhlanganisa ulwazi oluthintayo nolwamakhemikhali, kanti i-hectocotylus isebenzisa lolo limi olufanayo lwemizwa endaweni yocansi: iyahlukanisa lapho ikhona khona owesifazane osabelayo nalapho engekho, futhi isabela ngokufanele.
Into egqame kakhulu ukuthi Le ngalo akuyona nje ipayipi, kodwa iqala ukusabela okuthile kwemisipha lapho ithola izinto ezithile.Ngokombono webhayoloji, ayisebenzi njengepayipi elingasebenzi, kodwa njengesitho esihlaziya indawo ezungezile futhi sinqume ukuthi sizoyikhipha nini i-spermatophore, ehambisana nomqondo wezitho ezizimele ezichaza ama-cephalopods.
Ukuhlangana okungaboni: ukuhlolwa ngemuva kodonga olungacacile
Ukuze kuboniswe izinga lesi simiso sezinzwa esasikwazi ngalo ukuqondisa ukuhlangana, Abacwaningi basebenze ngamasampula e- I-Octopus bimaculoides, i-octopus enamabala amabili yasePacificEkuhlolweni kwabo, bafaka abesilisa nabesifazane ethangini elifanayo lamanzi anosawoti, kodwa bahlukaniswe umngcele omnyama ngokuphelele, onezimbobo ezincane kuphela ezibanzi ngokwanele ukuba izingalo zidlule kuzo.
Kulezi zimo, Ngaphandle kokuthintana ngamehlo futhi bengakwazi ukuwela wonke umzimba wabo, abesilisa bakwazile ukwandisa i-hectocotylus ngokusebenzisa imifantu.hlola olunye uhlangothi bese, ekugcineni, ufaka isihloko sengalo emgodini wengubo yowesifazane. Uma usufikile lapho, inqubo iyaqhubeka: ukuthola i-oviduct nokukhulula i-spermatophore.
Ososayensi babika ukuthi, phakathi nalokhu kuxoxisana, Zombili izilwane zazingahlala zithule ngendlela emangalisayo isikhathi esingaphezu kwehorasengathi yonke into idluliselwe engalweni yezinzwa. Lokhu kuziphatha kwabonwa kokubili ezimweni zokukhanya nasebumnyameni obuphelele, okususa ukubona njengento enqumayo.
Uma, ezimweni ezifanayo, Umlingani owayengakolunye uhlangothi lwesivikelo kwakungomunye wesilisa; akukho mzamo wokwenza ucansi.Lokhu kungafani kusikisela ngokuqinile ukuthi abesilisa abenzi ngokungahleliwe, kodwa baqondiswa isignali yamakhemikhali ehlotshaniswa ngokungenakuphikwa nabesifazane, okuyinto i-hectocotylus eyaziyo ukuthi ingayibona kanjani.
Abacwaningi ngokwabo bafingqa lezi zivivinyo ngokuthi ukubonakaliswa okucacile kokuthi ama-octopus angakwazi "ukuhlangana odongeni," ethembele cishe ngokuphelele olwazini lwamakhemikhaliAkudingeki babone umlingani wabo noma bamzungeze ngomzimba wabo wonke: kwanele ukuthi ingalo ekhethekile ithole isignali efanele yokuqalisa ukuziphatha kokuzala.
I-Progesterone, "isiginesha samakhemikhali" esikhanyisa ingalo
Ukuze kutholakale ukuthi yini eyayingemuva kwalokhu kunemba okumangalisayo, Ithimba lihlaziye izicubu ezivela ohlelweni lokuzala lwabesifazane.Lapho bathola khona ukuba khona okukhulu kwama-molecule ahlobene ne- iprogesterone, i-hormone ye-steroid endala kakhulu ngokwemibono yokuziphendukela kwemvelo futhi ekhona emaqenjini ezilwane amaningi.
Ngaleso sizathu, benze izivivinyo ezimbili ezibalulekile. Kokuqala, Banquma i-hectocotylus bayibeka ku-progesterone elabhorethri.Lapho ithintana ne-hormone, ingalo yaqala ukunyakaza ngamandla, njengokungathi isabela kowesifazane wangempela, naphezu kokuba ihlukaniswe ngokuphelele nomzimba wonke. Lokhu kusabela kubonisa izinga amandla okuzwa ahlanganiswa ngalo nezicubu zengalo uqobo.
Esivivinyweni sesibili, Bafaka amapayipi ambozwe nge-progesterone esikhundleni sowesifazaneAbesilisa, bephinde babhekene nomngcele ongacacile, bahlola la mapayipi nge-hectocotylus yabo njengokungathi iyingubo yowesifazane, baqala ukulandelana okufanayo kokuziphatha okuchazwe ekuzalweni kwemvelo. Kodwa-ke, Amapayipi ambozwe ngamanye amakhemikhali awazange avuse isithakazelo esifanayoLokhu kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi i-progesterone isebenza njengesignali ethile.
Lolu hlu lobufakazi lusenza sikwazi ukusho ukuthi I-spermatophore ikhishwa kuphela lapho ama-suckers asesiqongweni se-hectocotylus ehlangana ne-progesterone evela ohlelweni lokuzala lwabesifazane.Ngakho-ke, ingalo ayigcini nje ngokubona ukuba khona kwensikazi, kodwa futhi ibona isimo samahomoni esihambisana nokuzala, okwenza kube ngcono kakhulu isinqumo sokuvundisa.
Ukuze siqonde ukuthi kungani le ndlela ingaba wusizo kangaka, kwanele ukukhumbula lokho Ama-octopus awavamile ukutholakala ndawonye kukho konke ukuphila kwawoIphutha lokufaka isidoda kumuntu ongeyena owesifazane ovumayo, noma ongeyena ngisho nowohlobo olufanayo, lingabangela izindleko ezinkulu zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Uhlelo olunjalo lokuqaphela amakhemikhali olucwengekile lusiza ekunciphiseni leyo ngozi.
Izicubu ezigcwele ama-neurons kanye ne-receptor eyisihluthulelo
Umsebenzi awuzange uphele ekuziphatheni okubonwe ethangini. Ngokuhlola i-chop ye-hectocotylus nge-electron microscopy kanye namasu okulandelana kweseli elilodwaOsosayensi bathole inethiwekhi ebanzi kakhulu yezinzwa namaseli ezinzwa aqinisekisa ubunjalo bayo njengesitho esikhethekile, hhayi nje isandiso semisipha.
Ezingeni lamangqamuzana, Baphumelele ekuhlukaniseni i-receptor ezwela kakhulu i-progesterone, ehlonzwe njenge-CRT1Le phrotheni yayihlotshaniswa ngaphambilini nokutholakala kwamagciwane ebusweni besilwane esizingelwayo, okubonisa ukuthi ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwasebenzisa kabusha uhlelo lokuzivikela noma lokuzwa ukudla ukuze kusebenze umsebenzi ohlobene kakhulu nobulili.
Ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo nakho kubonisa ukuthi Lawa ma-receptor e-hectocotylus abonisa izimpawu zokuvela ngokusheshaLokhu kuhambisana nendima yazo ekuqapheni umlingani. Izici zokuzala zivame ukushintsha ngokushesha uma zisiza ekuvimbeleni ukuhlangana okungafanele noma ukwandisa amathuba okukhulelwa ngempumelelo.
Ngokombono wokusebenza, Lo mfanekiso wama-neurons, amaseli ezinzwa, kanye nama-receptor amakhemikhali uguqula ingxenye yengalo ibe uhlobo "lwelebhu" ecubungula izimpawu zamahomoni ngesikhathi sangempela.Akuyona nje indaba yokuthintana futhi yilokho kuphela, kodwa ukuhumusha ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali endawo kube ukuziphatha okuqondile kokuzala.
Le nhlanganisela yokwakheka kwezinzwa okuyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokuzwela okukhulu kwamakhemikhali ikubonisa kahle okukhethekile okungafinyelelwa yingalo eyodwa emzimbeni we-octopusNakuba abanye begxila ekuhloleni noma ekuzingeleni, i-hectocotylus izinikele cishe kuphela emsebenzini wokuqinisekisa ukudluliswa kwezakhi zofuzo.
Izithiyo zokuzala kanye nemvelaphi yezinhlobo ezintsha ze-octopus
Ngale komthelela wezindaba wokukhuluma ngengalo ebonakala "inempilo yayo", Ucwaningo luvula indlela yokuqonda ukuthi izithiyo zokuzala zakha kanjani phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-octopus ezihlobene eduze, njenge- i-octopus enkuluUma ukukhetha umlingani kusekelwe ezicini zamakhemikhali ezithile, ukuhlukahluka okuncane kulawo ma-receptor noma ezintweni ezikhishwa ngabesifazane kungaba okwanele ukuhlukanisa amaqembu esikhathini eside.
Abalobi balolu cwaningo basikisela ukuthi Ukulungiswa kwalesi simiso sezinzwa kuyingxenye yalokho okwaziwa ngokuthi ukukhetha okuhlukahlukene.Lena inqubo lapho izici ezithile zihlukaniswa khona phakathi kwezinhlobo ezihlobene ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuzalana nokuqinisa ubunjalo bozalo ngalunye. Emaqenjini ahlukahlukene njenge-cephalopods, izindlela zalolu hlobo kungenzeka ukuthi zidlale indima ebalulekile ekuveleni kwezinhlobo ezintsha.
Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi I-chemistry eshintshaniswayo lapho kuhlangana khona ama-suckers ne-mantle ingasebenza njenge-biological lockKuphela uma ukhiye ofanele—isignali yamahomoni enokwakheka okunembile—ungena ohlelweni lwezinzwa lwe-hectocotylus lapho ukulandelana kokukhulelwa kuqediwe. Noma yikuphi ukuguqulwa kulowo khiye noma kukhiye kungavimbela ukuhlangana phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene.
Le ndlela ixhumana nomunye wemibuzo emikhulu eyayivele ikhathaza uDarwin: indlela izinhlobo ezintsha ezivela ngayo kubantu basenduloUma kwenzeka ama-octopus, ingxenye yempendulo ingagxila engalweni eyodwa eqondisa, iqaphele, futhi ivundise, ihlanganise ukuziphatha, i-neurobiology, kanye nokuziphendukela kwemvelo kube yisitho esisodwa.
EYurophu naseSpain, lapho Intshisekelo kubhayoloji yasolwandle kanye nokuphathwa okusimeme kwezinhlelo zemvelo zasolwandle iyandaLokhu okutholakele kwenezela esinye isiqephu kule nkinga. Ukuqonda okujulile ngokuzalana kwezinhlobo ezibalulekile kusiza ekwakheni amasu okulondoloza angcono nokuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izici ezingabeka ukuphila kwazo engozini esimweni sokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nengcindezi yokudoba.
Uma zihlanganiswa, iziphetho zalo msebenzi zidweba isithombe lapho Ingalo eyodwa ye-octopus iba yikhampasi yokuthola umlingani ofanele, inzwa yokuqinisekisa ukuthi ingubani, kanye nomzila wokudlulisela inzalo.Konke lokhu kusekelwa izimpawu zamakhemikhali ezindala kakhulu, njenge-progesterone, kanye nenethiwekhi yezinzwa esatshalaliswe kuwo wonke ama-tentacles aqhubeka nokuphonsela inselelo imibono yakudala mayelana nendlela uhlelo lwezinzwa oluhlelwe ngayo. Kunokuba kube yinto nje ethakazelisayo, le ngalo yokuzala ibonisa izinga imvelo engagxila ngalo imisebenzi ebalulekile ezakhiweni, ezibonakala zivamile ekuqaleni.
