Ulwandle lwaseNingizimu Pacific luyaqhubeka nokumangaza umphakathi wesayensi nge- incazelo esemthethweni yohlobo olusha lwe-octopus yolwandle olujulileKutholakala eduze neSiqhingi saseMocha, eningizimu-mpumalanga yeChile, lokhu kutholakala kuyingxenye yochungechunge locwaningo olwenziwe ezindaweni lapho kuvela khona ukuvuza kwe-methane—izindawo ezingaziwa kakhulu ezinamazinga aphezulu e-methane. ukuhlukahluka kwezilwandle.
Lolu hlobo olusha, olungolwesihlobo I-Graneledone kakade umndeni wakwaMegaleledonidae, iqembu ama-octopus olwandle olujulile, ubhapathizwe njengo I-Graneledone sellanesi Ekuqapheliseni umsebenzi wesazi saseChile uJavier Sellanes. Ukuhlonza kwalo ngokusemthethweni kuqeda inqubo yokufunda ehlale iminyaka eminingi futhi kugqamisa izinga ulwandle olujulile oluhlala luyindawo engakahlolwa, olufana kahle nezinye izisekelo zolwandle e-Atlantic nase-European Mediterranean.
Uhambo lwesayensi olushintshe umbono wolwandle
Umsuka walokhu kutholwa uqala emuva ku-a uhambo locwaningo lwezolwandle olwenziwa ngo-2007 emanzini aseduze neSiqhingi saseMocha, eSifundeni saseBiobÃo, eduze kakhulu neSifunda sase-AraucanÃa. Lolu hambo lwalunenhloso eqondile: ukuthola izindawo ezingaphansi kolwandle nge ukuvuza kwegesi ye-methane, izakhiwo zemvelo ezidala izindawo zokuhlala eziyingqayizivele futhi ezicebile kakhulu ngezilwane.
Phakathi nalezi zinhlolovo, ososayensi bathole ukuthi kukhona i-octopus ebukeka ihlukile, ehlotshaniswa nalokhu kuvuza, endaweni ezungezile. amanzi ajulile nabandayoKwakuyisibonelo seqembu lama-cephalopod ajwayele izimo ezimbi kakhulu, afana nalawo atholakala ezindaweni ezingaphansi komhlaba zamanye amalwandle, kufaka phakathi amaphuzu athile eNyakatho ye-Atlantic noma izigodi ezijulile endaweni yaseYurophu.
Isibonelo esavusa konke ukusola saqoqwa yi- UDkt. Javier Sellanes, umcwaningi ovela kwi-Faculty of Marine Sciences e-Catholic University of the North (UCN), ngaleso sikhathi owayehola umsebenzi ohlose ukuchaza lezi zindawo zemvelo ezihlobene ne-methane. Leso sibonelo sokuqala saba yingxenye yeqoqo lesayensi njengohlobo olungachazwanga.
Ngaphezu kwesampula saseMocha Island, abacwaningi bakwazile ukufinyelela abanye abantu abathunjwe ngengozi ngokudoba olwandle olujulile, ikakhulukazi okubhekiswe ezinkalweni ezinamaqabunga kanye nezinhlanzi zaseChile ogwini oluseningizimu-maphakathi neChile. Lokhu okwengeziwe kwabonakala kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi kwakungeyona nje inhlobo yendawo yohlobo oluthile olwaziwayo, kodwa kwakuyi-taxon ehlukile.
Ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kwesimo semvelo kwembule izici zokwakheka ezihlukeneLokhu kwavula ithuba lokucwaninga ngezinga elikhulu ngokuqhathanisa nezinye izinhlobo zohlobo olufanayo oluchazwe eningizimu yezwe kanye nezihlobo ezikude ezikhona kwezinye izilwandle.
I-octopus enobukhulu obuphakathi, uhlu lozalo lwasendulo, namanzi abandayo
Njengoba kuchazwe kabanzi encwadini yesayensi eqaphela ngokusemthethweni lolu hlobo, I-Graneledone sellanesi Kuyi-octopus ye usayizi ophakathi nendawoubude bayo bungamasentimitha angu-52 kuya kwangu-81. Lokhu bukhulu buyibeka endaweni ephakathi phakathi kwama-cephalopods asezilwandle ezijulile, kude nama-squid amakhulu kanye nezinhlobo ezinkulu njenge- ingwane enkulukodwa kusobala ukuthi ngaphezu kwama-octopus amancane asogwini ajwayelekile emphakathini jikelele.
Le ngwane entsha iyingxenye yozalo olune Amarekhodi ajwayelekile ezinsalela zasendulo aqala eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingu-15 edlule e-Antarctic Ocean. Ngakho-ke, iyiqembu lasendulo, elakhiwe kahle emanzini abandayo aseNingizimu Yenkabazwe, eliye lahlukahluka ezindaweni zokuhlala ezijulile zolwandle. Ukuba khona kwalolu hlobo ogwini lwaseChile kusiza ekuqedeni iphazili yokuziphendukela kwemvelo yama-octopus asemanzini abandayo, asemanzini ajulile emhlabeni jikelele.
Umndeni wakwaMegaleledonidae, okungowawo lolu hlobo olusha, uhlanganisa Ama-octopus ajwayele izindawo ezinengcindezi ephezulu, izinga lokushisa eliphansi kanye nokukhanya okuphansiLezi zilwane ngokuvamile zinemijikelezo yokuphila ehamba kancane, amasu athile okuzala, kanye ne-physiology evumelaniswe nezimo lapho izinsiza zokudla zingase zingajwayelekile khona.
Ochwepheshe abahola incazelo, izazi zezinto eziphilayo UCristian Ibáñez Carvajal y UMarÃa Cecilia Pardo GandarillasAbacwaningi base-Andrés Bello University baqokomisa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwe-cephalopod luyi- akuvamile kakhulu futhi zibhalwe phansi ezindaweni ezimbalwa kuphela emhlabeni jikelele. Ukutholwa ngakunye okusha kunikeza idatha ebalulekile yokuqonda ukuthi lezi zinto eziphilayo zisatshalaliswa kanjani nokuthi zidlala yiphi indima ekushintsheni kwezindawo zemvelo ezijulile zolwandle.
Ngokuphathelene nokongiwa kwemvelo, iqiniso lokuthi izinhlobo ezingavamile nezitholakala kakhulu endaweni ethile Iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nokuba sengozini kwayo emisebenzini yabantu njengokudoba phansi noma ukuxhashazwa kwezinsizakusebenza olwandle kanye Ukungcoliswa kolwandleukukhathazeka okwabiwe futhi ucwaningo lwaseYurophu ezindaweni zaseNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Atlantic kanye naseMedithera ejulile.
Igama elithi Graneledone sellanesi kanye nokuqashelwa komsebenzi
Ukukhetha igama I-Graneledone sellanesi Lokhu kulandela umkhuba ovamile kwi-zoology: ukunikezela izinhlobo ezintsha kubantu abenze iminikelo efanele olwazini lwesayensiKulokhu, udumo luya kuDkt. Javier Sellanes López, isazi sezemfundo e-UCN, ohlanganyele ekuchazeni izinhlobo ezintsha ze-mollusk ezingaphezu kuka-25.
Umcwaningi ngokwakhe uchaze ukuthi, emkhakheni we-taxonomic, Kuyacasula ukuthi umuntu ochaza uhlobo oluthile azinikele kulo.Ngokuvamile, igama libhekisela endaweni lapho kutholakale khona isidalwa, isici esihlukile sokwakheka kwaso, noma umuntu oye waba negalelo elikhulu emkhakheni wocwaningo. Ngakho-ke, iqiniso lokuthi ozakwabo baphakamisa isibongo sikaSellanes salolu hlobo olusha lihunyushwa njengesenzo senhlonipho nokuqashelwa.
Ezitatimendeni eziqoqwe yiyunivesithi, uSellanes uyavuma ukuthi ukuthola lolu hlobo lokuzinikela kusho udumo olukhulu kanye nesikhuthazo sokuqhubeka nokusebenza olwandle olujulile. Kuwo wonke umsebenzi wakhe, ubelokhu ehilelekile kumaphrojekthi amaningi agxile kuwo izintaba zasolwandle, ukuvuza kwe-methane, kanye nezinye izindawo zokuhlala eziyingqayizivelezonke lezi zindawo lapho ukuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kungaziwa khona.
Isazi sezemfundo sigcizelela ukuthi lezi zindawo ezizungezile zisebenza njenge imithombo yokuphila isahlukaniswe kabiFuthi ukuthi izinhlobo ezingalindelekile zingavela ngemuva komkhankaso ngamunye wezolwandle, njengoba nje izinhlobo ezintsha namarekhodi kuye kwavela eYurophu emithambekeni yezwekazi, emagqumeni angaphansi kwamanzi kanye nemigodi ejulile yamanzi ashisayo.
Lolu hlobo lokuqashelwa luphinde lugqamise indima ye- amaqoqo ezinto eziphilayoLawa maqoqo agcina amasampula okubhekisela asetshenziselwa ukuchaza izinhlobo ezintsha. Endabeni yeGraneledone sellanesi, umsebenzi omningi olandelayo wenziwe eBiological Collections Room ye-UCN, indawo efana neminyuziyamu yomlando wemvelo yaseYurophu, lapho kugcinwa khona amasampula abalulekile ocwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo.
Isayensi ehamba kancane futhi edinga usizo: indlela uhlobo olusha oluqinisekiswa ngayo
Indlela esuka eqoqweni lesampula iye kulo ukuqashelwa ngokusemthethweni njengohlobo olusha Ngokuvamile kuyinqubo ende necophelelayo. Endabeni yale octopus, kwadlula iminyaka eminingana phakathi kocwaningo lwango-2007 kanye nencwadi eyayiqamba ngokusemthethweni iGraneledone sellanesi, isikhathi esingavamile ekulinganisweni kwezinhlobo zasolwandle.
Inqubo idinga ukuqhathaniswa okuningiliziwe kwe isimo sangaphandle nesangaphakathi Lesi sidalwa siqhathaniswa nezinhlobo ezihlobene naso, izincazelo zangaphambilini ziyabuyekezwa, izinto ezivela emaqoqweni omlando ziyahlaziywa, futhi kusetshenziswa amasu ezakhi zofuzo uma kungenzeka. Kuphela uma kunqunywa ngokuqinisekile ukuthi siyafana nanoma yiziphi izinhlobo esezichaziwe kakade lapho kuphakanyiswa igama elisha.
Kulokhu, izazi zezinto eziphilayo uCristian Ibáñez noMarÃa Cecilia Pardo benze ucwaningo isifundo esiphelele sokuqhathanisa nezinye izinhlobo zeGraneledone eziqoshwe ezindaweni ezahlukene e-Antarctic Ocean kanye naseNingizimu Pacific. Ukuhlaziywa kwaphetha ngokuthi umehluko obonwe wawufanelekela ukucatshangelwa kwawo njengohlobo oluhlukile, okwavumela ukuxilongwa okusemthethweni kanye nokuqokwa kwe-holotype, okungukuthi, isampula yokubhekisela.
Lolu hlobo lomsebenzi lufana nolwenziwa amaqembu ahlukahlukene aseYurophu azinikele ku- i-taxonomy yezilwane ezijulile E-Atlantic naseMedithera, izindlela ezisekelwe ku-morphology yakudala nazo ziyahlanganiswa namathuluzi ama-molecule. Umgomo ofanayo uwukuthuthukisa uhlu lwezinhlobo zezilwane futhi uthole izizukulwane ezifihliwe ezingabonwa ekuqaleni.
Ukuqinisekiswa kohlobo olusha akugcini nje ngokuba yinto ebalulekile kwezemfundo. Kuyasiza idatha ebalulekile yokuphathwa kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto zasolwandleLokhu kuvumela ukuhlonza izindawo ezinenani eliphezulu lemvelo kanye nokuhlolwa komthelela ongaba khona wemisebenzi yabantu. Ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezihlala phansi kolwandle oluthile kuyisinyathelo esibalulekile ngaphambi kokuphakamisa izinyathelo zokulondolozwa noma ukulawula ukusetshenziswa komhlaba, into ebaluleke kakhulu eNingizimu Pacific kanye nasezilwandle zaseYurophu ezibhekene nengcindezi enkulu yokudoba.
Izintaba-mlilo, i-methane, kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezifihliwe
Ukutholakala kwe-Graneledone sellanesi kuhlobene kakhulu ne- ukuhlolwa kwezintaba zasolwandle kanye nezindawo zokuvuza kwe-methane, izinhlobo ezimbili zezindawo zokuhlala eziphindaphindwayo olwandle oluningi futhi ezinezici ezifanayo nezimo ezifundwe eYurophu, njengezindawo zokungenisa umoya ezishisayo noma izindawo ezibandayo eNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Atlantic.
Ukuvuza kwegesi ye-methane phansi kolwandle izindawo zokuhlala ezincane ezicebile ngezakhamzimbaLezi zindawo ziyakwazi ukusekela imiphakathi ekhethekile kakhulu yezilwane ezingenamgogodla nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Zisebenza njengeziqhingi eziphilayo phakathi kwezindawo ezinkulu zenhlabathi empofu, okufana nalokho okwenzeka eMedithera ngemithombo ethile ejulile noma ezigodini ezingaphansi kwamanzi lapho izinto eziphilayo ziqongelela khona.
Njengoba uSellanes ngokwakhe esho, ulwandle olujulile kanye nezintaba zasolwandle kuyaqhubeka nokuba izindawo ezingaziwa kakhululapho yonke inkambo yesayensi ingaletha izimanga. Ukutholakala kwalolu hlobo lwe-octopus kunezela ohlwini olukhulayo lwezinto eziphilayo ezichazwe emashumini eminyaka amuva nje, okuphakamisa ukuthi ingxenye enkulu yezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle isazobhalwa phansi.
Okuhlangenwe nakho okutholakale eNingizimu yePacific kubaluleke kakhulu kwezinye izifunda, okuhlanganisa namanzi aseYurophu, lapho kwenziwa khona ukuhlaziywa. umthelela wokudoba ngokudoba olwandle olujulile kanye namaphrojekthi angaba khona okusetshenziswa kwemithombo yamaminerali noma yamandla phansi kolwandle. Ukwazi ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezihlala kulezi zindawo kusenza sikwazi ukubikezela izingozi futhi sihlole ukuthi yiziphi izindawo ezidinga ukuvikelwa okuqinile.
Izikhungo ezifana ne-UCN kanye ne-Andrés Bello University, kanye nezikhungo eziningi zocwaningo zaseYurophu, zitshala imali ku- izindlela zokufundisa imikhakha eyahlukene ukuhlanganisa i-geology, i-biology, i-oceanography, kanye nokulondolozwa. Incazelo yezinhlobo ezintsha manje iqondwa njengenye ingxenye kuphazili enkulu, ehlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwesimo sezinto eziphilayo kanye nesiphakamiso samasu okuphatha okusimeme.
Wonke lo msebenzi uncike ekubeni khona amaqoqo ezinto eziphilayo ahlelwe kahleLezi zinqolobane zokugcina, lapho kugcinwa khona amasampula okubhekisela avela emaqenjini ahlukene asolwandle, zisebenza njengemitapo yolwazi yokuphila, kokubili eChile nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, futhi zakha ithuluzi elibalulekile lokuqhathanisa okutholakele okusha nokubuyekeza ukuhlonza okudala.
Indaba kaGraneledone sellanesi ibonisa izinga lapho ucwaningo lwesiguli kanye nolwengeziwe lungakwazi khona ukushintsha indlela esiqonda ngayo phansi kolwandleIzibonelo ezimbalwa ezithathwe ngesikhathi somkhankaso othile zenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza uhlu lozalo oluhlukile, kuqiniswe ukubaluleka kwendawo ethile yaseNingizimu Pacific, futhi kwengezwe izimpikiswano ezisekela ukuhlolwa okunesibopho kwezintaba zasolwandle nezindawo ezivuza amanzi.
Lokhu kutholakala kwe-octopus yolwandle olujulile eduze nesiqhingi saseMocha, okusekelwa iminyaka yokuhlaziya kanye nokubambisana phakathi kwezikhungo ezahlukene, kuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwandle lusenezimfihlo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo. Uhlobo olusha I-Graneledone sellanesi Ngakho-ke iba uphawu lwamandla ocwaningo lwasolwandle: kusiza ukuqedela umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo wama-octopus asemanzini abandayo, kuqinisa inani lesayensi lezindawo zokuhlala ezixhumene ne-methane, futhi kugcizelela isidingo sokuqhubeka nokutshala imali emikhankasweni nasemaqoqweni avumela thina, naseYurophu nakwamanye amalwandle, ukubala impilo esingakayazi okwamanje.
