Una izinhlobo ezintsha zexoxo le-marsupial Kutholakale e-Amazon yasePeru, endaweni enezintaba eduze komngcele ne-Ecuador. Lokhu kutholwa, okuwumphumela weminyaka eminingana yomsebenzi wasensimini kanye nokuhlaziywa kwelebhu, kugcizelela ingcebo enkulu yezinto eziphilayo engakafundwa kakhulu e-Andes nasehlathini eliphakeme lasenyakatho yePeru.
Isilwane esiphila emanzini, esibizwa ngokwesayensi ngokuthi I-Gastrotheca mittaliitiIvelele ngesici esimangalisayo nesingavamile: abesifazane banesikhwama semvelo emhlane lapho befukamela khona futhi bathwale khona amaphuphu abo. Lesi simiso sokuzala, esifana nesama-marsupial, sivuse isithakazelo esikhulu emphakathini wesayensi waseYurophu naseLatin America ngenxa yokubaluleka kwaso kokuziphendukela kwemvelo nokulondolozwa.
Ubani ohlanganyele ekutholakaleni
Ucwaningo luholwa yi- U-Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza National University (UNTRM)Esifundeni sase-Peru sase-Amazon, ngokusebenzisa i-Research Institute for Sustainable Development of the Cloud Forest (INDES-CES). Kusukela lapho, imikhankaso yasensimini kanye nencazelo esemthethweni yalolu hlobo yahlanganiswa.
Uphenyo ludlale indima ebalulekile ku- Universidad de Sevilla, okunikeza ukuxhumana okuqondile nomphakathi wesayensi eSpain naseYurophu, kanye Florida International University (e-United States). Lokhu kubambisana kwamazwe ngamazwe kwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlanganisa ulwazi lwendawo esifundeni sase-Andean-Amazonia namakhono athuthukile kwezakhi zofuzo, i-taxonomy, kanye ne-biogeography.
Imiphumela ishicilelwe kumagazini wesayensi I-ZootaxaIphephabhuku eliseNew Zealand liyincwadi ehamba phambili yokuchaza izinhlobo ezintsha zezilwane. Lesi sihloko sichaza kokubili ukuhlaziywa kwesimo sezilwane kanye nezifundo ze-DNA eziqinisekisile ukuthi le nyoni yasemanzini ihlukile kulezo esezaziwa kakade.
Ihlala kuphi ixoxo elisha le-marsupial?
Lolu hlobo lwalutholakala endaweni indawo enezintaba yesifunda sase-AmazonIkakhulukazi, endaweni yaseHuancabamba enyakatho ye-Andes yasePeru. Lena indawo ephakeme yehlathi kanye ne-subalpine páramo ehlanganisa ukuphakama, umswakama, kanye namazinga okushisa apholile—izimo ezifanele izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zasemanzini.
Abacwaningi bachaza uHuancabamba njengo "Iphuzu eliyinhloko lokuceba kwezinhlobo zezilwane" uhlobo lwe-Gastrotheca. Kulo mhubhe wase-Andean, lapho kuhlangana khona ithonya lase-Amazon kanye nelase-Andean eliphezulu, kugxilwe kakhulu ukuhlukahluka okuphawulekayo kwamaxoxo anamasu okuzala angavamile, okuhlanganisa nokukhuliswa ezikhwameni zangemuva.
Lokhu okutholakele kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi izindawo zemvelo zase-Andean eziphakeme kanye nehlathi lamafu Zisalokhu ziyimithombo yangempela yezinto eziphilayo ezingabhalwanga kahle. Kumaqembu aseYurophu ahilelekile, njengaleyo evela eNyuvesi yaseSeville, le ndawo imele ilebhu yemvelo ebaluleke kakhulu yokuqonda ukuthi i-orography nesimo sezulu kuye kwaholela kanjani ekuhlukeni kwezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini eNingizimu Melika.
Kanye nencazelo ye-Gastrotheca mittaliiti, ucwaningo luphinde lubhale okokuqala ukuba khona kwe- I-Gastrotheca turnerorum endaweni yasePeruLokhu kwandisa imephu yokusatshalaliswa eyaziwayo yalolu hlobo lwesilwane esifundeni. Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi kusengaba khona ezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene ezingachazwanga ezindaweni eziseduze.
Izici zomzimba nezebhayoloji ze-Gastrotheca mittaliiti
Ixoxo elisha le-marsupial lincane ngobukhulu: Ilinganiselwa phakathi kwamasentimitha angu-2,7 no-3,3 (cishe amamilimitha angu-27,6 kuya kwangu-32,5 uma kukhulunywa ngabesilisa abahlaziyiwe). Lobu bukhulu obuncane buyivumela ukuthi icashe phakathi kwezitshalo eziminyene kanye nokungalingani endaweni.
Umzimba wakhe uveza umbala oluhlaza okhanyayo noma obukhaliokuvumela ukuthi izifihle kahle phakathi kwamaqabunga, ama-mosses, namagatsha ehlathi lezintaba. Isikhumba sinokwakheka okuqinile futhi sibonakala amaqhubu nokugoqeka ngemuvaLezi zici, zihlanganiswe nesakhiwo sesikhwama sangemuva, zibe yisihluthulelo sokusihlukanisa nezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene eduze ngaphakathi kohlobo olufanayo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwesimo somzimba, okuhambisana no Izifundo ze-DNABaqinisekisile ukuthi i-Gastrotheca mittaliiti ayifani nanoma yiliphi lamaxoxo achaziwe ngaphambilini. Abacwaningi bakhomba izici eziningana ezihlukile ngesimo somzimba wayo, ukuhlelwa kwesikhumba sayo, kanye nezinye izakhiwo zomzimba ezisekela isimo sayo njengohlobo olusha kwisayensi.
Kuze kube manje, Akwaziwa ukuthi zingaki izinhlobo ezihlala endleInani labantu ababonwe emsebenzini wasensimini lilinganiselwe, okuqinisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nokuba sengozini kwabo kanye nesidingo sokuqoqa idatha eyengeziwe ngamanani abo esikhathini esimaphakathi.
Uhlelo lokuzala oluhlukile "lwe-marsupial" phakathi kwezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini
Isici esiphawuleka kakhulu se-Gastrotheca mittaliiti ukuthi imodi yokudlalaNgokungafani namaxoxo amaningi, akhipha amaqanda awo emanzini noma ezindaweni eziseduze namachibi nemifula, abesifazane balolu hlobo bane- isikhwama semvelo ngemuva lapho zifukamela khona futhi zithutha amaqanda azo kanye namaphuphu azo.
Kulesi simbobo sangemuva, ama-embryo akhula evikelekile endaweni engaphandle, okunciphisa ukuchayeka kwawo ezitheni kanye nokushintsha okungazelelwe kwezinga lokushisa noma umswakama. Lolu hlobo lwesu, olujwayelekile uhlobo lwe-GastrothecaLokhu kuholele ekukhulunyweni "ngamaxoxo e-marsupial", njengoba uhlelo lwawo lufana nolwezilwane ezifana nama-kangaroo, yize ziyizizukulwane ezahlukene kakhulu.
Ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, lokhu ukuzivumelanisa nokuzala Lokhu kuyathakazelisa kakhulu emaqenjini ocwaningo aseYurophu naseMelika. Kubavumela ukuthi bafunde ukuthi izinhlobo ezithile zezilwane zikwazile kanjani ukuhlukanisa kancane umjikelezo wazo wokuphila endaweni yasemanzini, into engavamile phakathi kwezilwane eziphila emanzini futhi okungenzeka ukuthi iyisihluthulelo sokusinda kwazo ezindaweni ezingazinzile.
Kumphakathi we-herpetological, ukuba nohlobo olusha, olubhalwe kahle lwexoxo le-marsupial kuvula ithuba izifundo ezintsha zokuqhathanisa mayelana ne-embryology, ukuziphatha kwabazali kanye nokusabela ezinguqukweni zemvelo, izindawo lapho ukubambisana phakathi kwezikhungo zocwaningo eYurophu naseLatin America kuvame ukusebenza khona kakhulu.
Izinsongo: ushintsho lwesimo sezulu, imililo, kanye nokucindezela kwabantu
Lolu cwaningo alugcini nje encazelweni ye-taxonomic, kodwa futhi luxwayisa mayelana isimo esinobungozi obukhulu lapho kuhlala khona leli xoxo elisha. Indawo yalo yokuhlala, esifundeni sase-Andean-Amazonian eHuancabamba, ibhekene nezingcindezi eziningana zemvelo ezingabeka engcupheni ukusinda kwalolu hlobo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abacwaningi baqokomisa imiphumela yokuguquka kwesimo sezuluLezi zinguquko zishintsha izinga lokushisa kanye namaphethini emvula endaweni. Izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini, ezizwela kakhulu ekushintsheni komswakama kanye nezinga lokushisa, zithinteka kakhulu yilezi zinguquko, ezingashintsha kokubili ukutholakala kwezindawo zokukhosela kanye nempumelelo yazo yokuzala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ucwaningo lukhomba umthelela we- imililo ehlobene nemikhuba yezolimo futhi i ukuthengiswa kwamaxoxo ngaseseKulesi sifunda, ukusetshenziswa komlilo ukususa umhlaba noma ukwandisa izindawo ezilinyiwe kuyinto evamile, umsebenzi oqhekeza indawo futhi ubhubhise izitshalo lapho lezi zilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini zithola khona indawo yokukhosela. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwezingcindezi kwandisa ingozi yezinhlobo ezincane ezihlupheka kakhulu.
Abalobi balolu cwaningo bacabanga ukuthi i-Gastrotheca mittaliiti itholakala ku- isimo sobuthakathakaKodwa-ke, ayikakahlelwa ngokusemthethweni njengohlobo olusengozini ohlwini olufana nolwe-IUCN. Ukufinyelela kulelo qophelo kuzodinga ukuqoqa ulwazi olwengeziwe ngokusabalala kwalo ngqo, usayizi wabantu, kanye nezitayela ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ososayensi bagcizelela ukuthi uma ukuwohloka kwendawo yokuhlala kuqhubeka ngesivinini samanje, Ezinye izinhlobo zinganyamalala ngaphambi kokuba zifundwe ngokugcweleNgakho-ke, icala lale nsele ye-marsupial liyisibonelo sokuphuthuma kokuvikela izindawo ezibalulekile ngaphambi kokuba ukuhlukahluka kwazo kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo kuncishiswe ngendlela engenakulungiswa.
Ukubaluleka kokutholakala kwePeru kanye neYurophu
EPeru, ukutholakala kwe-Gastrotheca mittaliiti kuyinto isibonelo esisha sezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezingavamile ezigcina izindawo zemvelo zase-Andean nase-Amazon. Leli zwe liphakathi kwezinhlobo eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni ngokwenani lezinhlobo zezilwane eziphila emanzini, futhi irekhodi ngalinye elisha liqinisa isidingo sokutshala imali ocwaningweni nasekulondolozweni kwezindawo zalo zemvelo.
Ngokombono waseYurophu, ukubamba iqhaza kwe- Universidad de Sevilla Lolu cwaningo luqinisa ubudlelwano besayensi phakathi kweSpain neLatin America. Lezi zinhlobo zamaphrojekthi ahlangene zivumela amaqembu aseYurophu ukufinyelela ezindaweni zemvelo ezingekho ezindaweni zawo, kuyilapho futhi enikela ngobuchwepheshe ekuhlaziyweni kwezakhi zofuzo, ukumodelwa kokusatshalaliswa kwezinhlobo, kanye nezindlela zokulondolozwa ezisetshenziswayo.
Umsebenzi wokubambisana ochazwe ku-Zootaxa wenezela kwamanye amaphrojekthi lapho izikhungo ezivela eSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu zisekela khona ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe bendawo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasezindaweni ezishisayo. Lokhu kudluliswa kolwazi kubalulekile ukuze amazwe anamazinga aphezulu okuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo abe namathuluzi engeziwe okukuphatha nokukuvikela.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlonza izinhlobo ezintsha ezifana naleli xoxo le-marsupial kuvame ukuba nomthelela ongaqondile ku- ukuqwashisa umphakathiKokubili ePeru naseYurophu, izindaba mayelana nokutholwa okuyingqayizivele e-Amazon ziyasiza ekuqwashiseni umphakathi ngokubaluleka kwemvelo kwalezi zindawo kanye nemiphumela yokugawulwa kwamahlathi, imililo, kanye nokuntuleka kokuhlela ukusetshenziswa komhlaba.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwe ukutholakala kwesayensi kanye nesexwayiso sabalondolozi bemvelo Lokhu kwenza i-Gastrotheca mittaliiti ibe yisifundo sokuchaza ukuthi kungani ukuvikela i-Amazon kungeyona nje inkinga yendawo, kodwa kuyindaba ekhathaza umhlaba wonke lapho iYurophu nayo inendima okufanele iyidlale ngokubambisana, ucwaningo, kanye nezinqubomgomo zemvelo.
Uma kuqhathaniswa, incazelo yaleli xoxo elincane, eliluhlaza okotshani, elithwala amaphuphu alo esikhwameni sangemuva enhliziyweni ye-Amazon yasePeru, ifingqa izinselele eziningi zesayensi nokulondolozwa kwamanje: kusenezinhlobo eziningi ezisazotholakala, eziningi zazo zisezindaweni okunzima ukuzifinyelela, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo izindawo zazo zokuhlala zibhekene nezingcindezi ezikhulayo. Icala le-Gastrotheca mittaliiti liqokomisa isidingo socwaningo olwengeziwe kanye nokuqiniswa kwezinyathelo zokuzivikela. ukuze lawa matshe ayigugu ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo angalahleki ngaphambi kokuba aziwe ngokuningiliziwe.
