Ukuziphatha kwezinkalankala eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezidla ezinye sekube ngesinye sezihloko eziphazamisayo nezithakazelisayo kakhulu ku-biology yanamuhla yasolwandle. Kunokuba kube yindaba engavamile, ososayensi bebelokhu bebonisa amashumi eminyaka ukuthi, ezinkalankala eziningi ezincane, ingozi enkulu akuyona inhlanzi edla ezinye noma ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngokuzumayo, kodwa uhlobo lwazo.
Ezindaweni zokungena emanzini njengeChesapeake Bay ogwini olusempumalanga ye-United States, ukudla abantu kuye kwabonakala njengembangela ehamba phambili yokufa phakathi kwezinkalankala ezisencane. Izindlela ezibonwe lapho zisebenza njengendawo yokubhekisela ekuqondeni okungenzeka kwezinye izindawo zokungena emanzini zase-Atlantic, okuhlanganisa nalezo eziseYurophu, lapho inkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (Callinectes sapidus) ikhule khona eminyakeni yamuva nje, ibeka izinselele zokuphathwa kwemvelo kanye nokudoba.
Iphethini yokudla abantu ebhalwe phansi iminyaka ecishe ibe ngu-40
Lokho esikwaziyo namuhla ngokudla inyama kwezinkalankala eziluhlaza akuveli ekubonweni okuhlukile, kodwa ekuqapheni okuhleliwe. Abacwaningi eSmithsonian Environmental Research Center (SERC) bachithe cishe iminyaka engamashumi amane behlaziya ukuthi yini ngempela ebulala izinkalankala ezincane eChesapeake Bay, okuyichweba elikhulu kunawo wonke e-United States kanye nendawo ebalulekile yokudoba.
Imiphumela, eshicilelwe kujenali Izinqubo ze-National Academy of SciencesZembula isimo esibi kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili. Ezinhlolweni eziningi ezenziwe, izinkalankala ezindala Babenecala cishe lama-97% okulimala okubonwe ezinganeni ezincane, kanti ngaphezu kwengxenye yalokho kuhlasela kwaba yingozi. Cishe akukho zilwane ezidla ezinye ezitholakale yi- de peces noma ezinye izilwane.
Okumangalisayo ukuthi lokhu akuyona into eyenzeka kanye kuphela ehlotshaniswa nesizini yokudla okubi, kodwa kuyindlela ephindaphindwayo nezinzile ebonwe eminyakeni engama-37 yamarekhodi. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ososayensi baqinisekisile ukuthi okuwukuphela kwesilwane esidla inyama esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esihlala njalo kwakuyizinye izinkalankala ezinkulu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Le miphumela iphoqe ukuthi kucatshangelwe kabusha imibono eminingi yangaphambilini mayelana nemvelo yalezi zinhlobo. Kuze kube muva nje, ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu noma ezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane kwakubhekwa njengezinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekufeni kwezingane ezincane, kodwa idatha ikhombisa ukuthi ukudla inyama yezilwane kuyisici esiyinhloko ekushintsheni kwenani lazo.
Indlela abazingela ngayo uhlobo lwabo: izinzwa zamakhemikhali nezokuthinta
Umbuzo osobala ukuthi kungani lezi zilwane ezihlala emanzini zidlana njalo. Umjikelezo wokuphila wenkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka uyasiza ukuqonda lokhu: izibungu zikhula olwandle futhi, uma zifinyelela cishe amasentimitha amabili ubude , zibuyela emifuleni nasezindaweni ezingajulile zasogwini ukuze zikhule futhi zithole indawo yokukhosela.
Ngokombono, la manzi angajulile kufanele ahlinzeke ngesivikelo esithile ezitheni ezinkulu zasolwandle. Kodwa-ke, abantu abadala bezinhlobo zabo baye bathuthukisa umuzwa othuthuke kakhulu obenza bakwazi ukuthola izingane ezincane ngisho noma zingcwatshwe kancane odakeni noma zifihliwe phakathi kwezakhiwo ezingezansi.
Ngokungafani nezinhlanzi eziningi ezithembele kakhulu ekubonweni, inkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka isebenzisa inhlanganisela yezimpawu zamakhemikhali nezokuthinta . Ithola ama-molecule emanzini ahlobene nokuba khona kwesilwane esizingelwayo futhi isebenzisa imilenze yayo kanye nezitho zayo ukuhlola indawo engaphansi komhlaba. Lokhu kwenza amasu okufihla akudala angasebenzi ezinganeni ezincane uma zisondelwa umuntu omdala wohlobo lwazo.
Ubukhulu nesikhathi sonyaka nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile. Izinkalankala ezincane zisengozini kakhulu , futhi izifundo zibonise ukuthi ukuqina kokudla inyama kuyanda phakathi nezinyanga ezifudumele, lapho umsebenzi wabantu abadala ukhuphuka njengoba amazinga okushisa emanzini enyuka.
Ezimweni lapho inani labantu liphezulu noma lapho ukudla kutholakala kancane, lokhu kuziphatha kuba sobala nakakhulu. Phela, ukudla elinye ilungu lohlobo lwazo kunikeza umthombo osheshayo wamaprotheni namaminerali afana ne-calcium, okubaluleke kakhulu ezigabeni ezifana nokubola, lapho zidinga ukwakha igobolondo elisha.
Ukujula: umugqa omncane phakathi kwendawo yokuphephela nendawo yokufa
Enye yezinto ezicacile ezitholwe kulolu cwaningo ukuthi ukujula kwamanzi kuphawula umngcele phakathi kokusinda kanye nokuqiniseka okucishe kufane nokubanjwa. Emigudwini nasezindaweni ezijule ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angu-40, amathuba okuba ingane ibe yisisulu somuntu omdala akhuphuka cishe afinyelela ku-80%.
Izinkalankala ezincane ezikwazi ukuhlala emanzini angajulile kakhulu , ngaphansi kwamasentimitha angu-40 ngisho nangamasentimitha angu-15, zinethuba elingcono kakhulu lokukhula. Kulezi zindawo eziseduze nogu, ingozi yokudliwa incishiswa cishe ngo-30%, okwenza lezi zindawo zibe uhlobo lokuphephela kwesikhashana.
Ukuze balinganise lesi simo, abacwaningi basebenzise indlela eqondile kakhulu: babopha izinkalankala ezincane ezigxotsheni ezincane zensimbi ezindaweni ezahlukene nasekujuleni, belingisa izimo lapho, endle, zazicasha khona odakeni ukuze zigweme izilwane ezidla ezinye. Lokhu kwabavumela ukuthi babhale ukuthi hlobo luni lwesilwane oluhlasele izinkalankala eziveziwe.
Okumangazayo ukuthi, ngisho noma le ndlela iphindaphindwe amashumi eminyaka, bekungekho bufakazi bokuthi izinhlanzi zazidliwa yizinhloli. Ukuhlasela okuqhubekayo kuphela kwavela ezinkalankala ezinkulu eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Lokhu kuqinisa umqondo wokuthi usongo olukhulu ezinganeni ezincane aluveli ngaphandle kwalolu hlobo, kodwa luvela ngaphakathi kwesibalo sabantu uqobo.
Ukuqonda ukuthi lezi "zindawo zokubulala" zitholakala kuphi nokuthi yiziphi izici izindawo zokuphephela ezinazo kubalulekile ekwakheni izindlela zokulondoloza eziphumelelayo, hhayi e-United States kuphela, kodwa nasezindaweni zaseYurophu lapho lolu hlobo lukhona khona.
Umthelela wezemvelo kanye nokudoba: okungaphezu nje kwesifiso sezinto eziphilayo
Inkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ithatha indawo ephakathi nendawo kuwebhu yokudla : iyisilwane esidla ezinye izilwane futhi iyisisulu. Idla ama-mollusk, izinhlanzi ezincane, nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla, kanti futhi, ingadliwa izinhlobo ezinkulu. Le ndima ephindwe kabili iyenza ibe yingxenye ebalulekile yesimiso semvelo ezindaweni zokungena kwamanzi njenge-Chesapeake nasezindaweni lapho ikhule khona eYurophu, kanye nezinye izinhlobo zezinkala njengenkalankala kakhukhunathi.
Ukubaluleka kwayo kwezomnotho nakho kubalulekile. E-Chesapeake Bay, ingxenye enkulu yezinhlanzi ezibanjwa ngokuhweba ixhumene nalolu hlobo, okwenza kube umthombo obalulekile embonini yokudoba yendawo kanye nasemiphakathini eminingi ethembele ekuvunweni kwayo.
Uma ingcindezi enkulu yokudoba ihlanganiswa nokufa okukhulu kangaka kwezingane ngenxa yokudla inyama, ibhalansi iba buthakathaka. Uma izinhlanzi eziningi kakhulu ezincane zibulawa ngabantu abadala, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukudoba kususa ingxenye enkulu yabantu abazalelayo, ingozi yokuwa kwalezi zinhlobo iyanda kakhulu.
Ososayensi abavela ku-SERC nakwezinye izinhlangano basebenzisa lolu lwazi ukuze bafake amamodeli okuhlola inani labantu. Inhloso ukuba namathuluzi avumela ukulungiswa okungcono kwezabelo kanye nezinkathi zokudoba, njengoba ukufa kwangaphakathi kwemvelo kuphakeme kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambilini.
Lolu lwazi luwusizo naseYurophu, lapho inkalankala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ibilokhu ibhekwa njengohlobo oluhlaselayo ezingxenyeni eziningana zeMedithera kanye ne-Atlantic. Ukuqonda ukuthi ukudla kwayo kusebenza kanjani nokuthi yiziphi izici ezikhawulela ukuzala kwayo kungasiza ekwakheni amasu, kwezinye izimo, asebenza kokubili ukuvikela imvelo yendawo kanye nokuvimbela umonakalo wezomnotho.
Izindawo ezisogwini eziqinile kanye nezindawo zokukhosela ezinyamalalayo
Indawo yasogwini, ikakhulukazi emifuleni nasemachwebeni, ishintshe kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Ukwakhiwa kwezindonga zasolwandle, izindonga zamanzi, ingqalasizinda yechweba, kanye nentuthuko yasogwini kubangela lokho ochwepheshe abaningi abakubiza ngokuthi "ukuqina kogu . "
Le nqubo ihilela ukufaka esikhundleni amabhange emvelo, ngemithambeka yawo ethambile nezindawo ezingajulile, ngezakhiwo eziqinile eziwela kakhulu emanzini. Ngenxa yalokho, izindawo ezinkulu ezingajulile ezazisebenza njengezindawo zokuphephela ezinkolweni ezincane ziyalahleka.
Uma lezi zindawo zokuguquka zinyamalala, izinkalankala ezincane ziphoqeleka ukuthi zihlale emanzini ajulile, lapho amathuba okuhlangana nezinkala ezindala ezilambile ekhuphuka khona. Empeleni, ukuguqulwa kogu lolwandle kusunduzela izizukulwane ezintsha ezindaweni lapho ukudla abantu kuvame kakhulu khona.
Okunye okungeziwe kulokhu yizinye izici, njengokwenyuka kwamazinga olwandle, ukwanda kweziphepho, kanye nokungeniswa kwezinhlobo ezihlaselayo ezishintsha isakhiwo sendawo yokuhlala. Zonke lezi zingcindezi zenza kube nzima kakhulu ukulondoloza leli bhande lamanzi angajulile anosawoti ophakathi, okuthi, ngokusho kocwaningo, linikeze izimo ezinhle kakhulu zokusinda kwezinkalankala ezincane.
Ukuvikela nokubuyisela izimila zasogwini, izindawo ezimanzi, kanye nemingcele yemvelo akugcini nje ngokuba nezinzuzo zendawo noma zesimo sezulu, kodwa kungaba yithuluzi lokuphatha ngqo lokunciphisa umthelela wokudla inyama phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane nokugcina inani labantu isikhathi eside.
Ukudla abantu: indlela yokulawula noma uphawu lokucindezeleka kwemvelo?
Ukudla inyama akuyona into eyenzeka kuphela ku-blue crab; kubhalwe phansi emaqenjini amaningi olwandle njengezinhlanzi, ama-cephalopod, kanye nama-sea urchins. Kodwa-ke, akuvamile ukubalwa ngemininingwane eminingi njengakulesi simo, okuvumele impikiswano ejulile mayelana nendima yayo emvelweni.
Abanye abacwaningi basikisela ukuthi lokhu kuziphatha kungasebenza njengendlela yokuzithiba kwabantu , kunciphisa ukuncintisana uma kunabantu abaningi kakhulu endaweni efanayo noma lapho izinsiza zingekho. Ngaphansi kwale ngqondo, ukudla abantu kungasiza labo abasindayo ukuba benze kanjalo ezimweni ezingcono.
Nokho, abanye ochwepheshe bachaza ukuqina okubonwe eChesapeake Bay njengophawu olungase lube khona lokucindezeleka kwemvelo . Ukuhlanganiswa kwezinguquko zemvelo, ingcindezi yokudoba, ukuguqulwa kwendawo yokuhlala, kanye nokushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa kwamanzi kungase kube yikona okuholela lezi zinhlobo emaqhinga amakhulu.
Okusobala ukuthi, endaweni elinganiselayo, ukudla abantu kungaba yingxenye yezindlela zemvelo zabantu. Kodwa lapho izici zangaphandle zicindezela lokhu kuziphatha kuze kube yilapho kuba imbangela enkulu yokufa ezizukulwaneni ezintsha, umkhawulo wokuphepha kwalolu hlobo uyancishiswa.
Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, amamodeli okuphatha athuthukiswayo ahlanganisa, ngaphezu kokudla inyama, ezinye izinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nokushintsha kwesizini, ukusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwezindawo zokuphephela ezingajulile, kanye nokusabela kwezinhlobo zezimo ezihlobene nesimo sezulu. Umgomo ukubikezela izimo lapho uhlelo lungase lungazinzi khona.
Izifundo zokuphatha eYurophu naseMedithera
Nakuba imininingwane eminingi eningiliziwe ivela eChesapeake Bay, iziphetho ezitholwe kulezi zinkala eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezidla abantu zithakazelisa ngqo ogwini lwaseYurophu. Emazweni asentshonalanga yeMedithera, njengeSpain, i-Italy, neFrance, lolu hlobo luye lwavela futhi lwasakazeka ngokushesha, okudala ukukhathazeka ngomthelela walo ekudobeni kwendabuko kanye nezinhlobo zomdabu.
Kulezi zimo, ukuqonda izinga ukudla inyama okukhawulela ngalo ukusinda kwentsha kungasiza ekuhloleni ukuthi ngabe inani labantu lizozinza ngokwalo noma kungenzeka liqhubeke nokwanda. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amasu okuphatha—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukulawula izinhlobo lapho zihlasela khona noma ukuzivuna ngendlela eqhubekayo—kufanele kucatshangelwe indima yezindawo ezingasogwini ezingajulile njengezindawo ezibalulekile zokuqasha.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwe-Chesapeake kusikisela ukuthi ukuvikela amaxhaphozi kasawoti, amadlelo otshani basolwandle, kanye nogu lwemvelo kungathonya ngqo inani lezinkalankala ezisinda ngale kwesigaba sobusha. Esimweni saseYurophu, lokhu kuhlobene nezinqubomgomo zokulondolozwa kwezindawo ezimanzi kanye nokuzivumelanisa nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu ogwini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, idatha mayelana nokungabikho ngokuphelele kwezilwane ezidla ezinye de peces Izifundo zesikhathi eside zibonisa ukuthi, uma sezivele zikhona, izinhlobo zingakwazi ukuzibekela imingcele, ikakhulukazi ngokudla abantukakhulu kunomphumela wezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane. Lokhu kusiphoqa ukuthi sicabange kabusha okunye okulindelwe mayelana nokulawulwa kwemvelo kwezinhlobo zayo ezindaweni zemvelo lapho ifike khona muva nje.
Uma ihlanganiswa, indaba yalezi zilwane ezihlala emanzini acwebezelayo ibonisa ukuthi imininingwane ebonakala iyinqaba yokuziphatha kwazo, njengokudla abantu abaningi, empeleni iyizinto eziyisisekelo zokwakha izinqubomgomo zokudoba, ukuklama izindawo zokugcina ogwini, kanye nokulindela izinguquko ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle eMelika naseYurophu.
Konke okutholakale mayelana nezinkalankala eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ezidla abanye abantu kukhomba iqiniso eliyinkimbinkimbi: uhlobo oluzidlayo ukuze luphile, indawo yasogwini eguqulwa kakhulu yimisebenzi yabantu, kanye nenethiwekhi yezintshisekelo zemvelo nezomnotho ezixhumene eduze. Ukuqonda ukuthi lokhu kudliwa kwabantu kwenzeka kanjani futhi kungani, indima yokujula kwamanzi kanye nokulahlekelwa izindawo zokuphephela ezidlalayo, nokuthi kuhlangana kanjani nokucindezela kokudoba kubalulekile ekwenzeni izinqumo ezinolwazi. Ngaphandle kwesithombe esishaqisayo senkalankala eyodwa idla enye, okusengozini yikhono lokugcina imvelo esebenzayo kanye nokudoba okusebenzayo esimweni soshintsho olusheshayo.