Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili edlule, Iziqhingi zaseCanary seziphenduke indawo ethandwa kakhulu eYurophu yobuthi be-ciguatera obuhlobene nokusetshenziswa kwezinhlanziLokho okwakubhekwa njengenkinga evamile yezindawo ezishisayo sekuqalile eziQhingini zaseCanary, okuphoqa iziphathimandla zezempilo nezokudoba ukuthi zandise ukuqapha izinhlobo ezithile ezivame kakhulu ematafuleni aseCanary.
Izifundo ezihlanganiswe yi- Umqondisi Jikelele Wezempilo Yomphakathi kaHulumeni Weziqhingi zaseCanary futhi i Inyuvesi yaseLas Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC) Bakhomba ukuthi i-amberjack kanye ne-grouper yizona Izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezithinteka kakhulu yi-ciguatera eziQhingini zaseCanaryLokhu kubalulekile kokubili ngokwenani lokuqubuka kwalesi sifo kanye nenani lamasampula anobuthi obutholakele. Noma kunjalo, kuye kwachazwa iziqephu ezihilela ezinye izinhlanzi, ezazingakafakwa ngisho nasezinhlelweni zokulawula ezisemthethweni kuze kube manje.
I-Ciguatera eziQhingini zaseCanary: inkinga ekhona kakade
Njengoba amacala okuqala atholakala e-Archipelago, I-Ciguatera isibe yisifo esivame kakhulu esibangelwa ukudla okungenamagciwane okuhlobene nokudla izinhlanzi eziQhingini zaseCanary. Phakathi kuka-2008 no-2025, okulandelayo kuye kwabhalwa phansi Ukuqubuka kwezifo ezingu-28 eziQhinginiokusho ukuthi eyodwa ngonyaka, ngokunye okungaphezu kwalokho Abantu abayi-150 abathintekile ngaleso sikhathi.
Nakuba lezi zibalo zingase zibonakale zincane uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izifo ezibangelwa ubuthi, ochwepheshe bagcizelela ukuthi ubukhulu bezimpawu kanye nokuqhubeka kobuthi Lokhu kwenza kube yindaba okufanele ithathwe ngokungathi sÃna kakhulu. I-Ciguatera ayiqedwa nge- ukupheka, ukuqandisa, noma ukufaka usawotiUma inhlanzi isingcolisiwe, ingozi yokuba nobuthi ihlala injalo.
Eziningi zalezi zigameko, amacala enzeke ngaphandle kwesifunda sokudoba sochwepheshe, okuhlobene nokudoba ngokuzijabulisa noma ukushintshaniswa kwezinhlanzi okungakahlelekiLesi sici sibeka inselele eyengeziwe empilweni yomphakathi, ngoba siphunyuka ezilawulweni ezihlelekile ezisetshenziswa ekukhangiseni okusemthethweni.
Yiziphi izinhlanzi ezithinteka kakhulu yi-ciguatera?
Imininingwane yokuqapha iqinisekisa ukuthi Izinhlobo ezimbili zivelele ngokusobala ngenxa yokuba khona kwama-ciguatoxin kanye nenani lokuqubuka okuhlobene: i-amberjack (i-Seriola spp.) kanye ne-grouper (i-Epinephelus spp.)Ziyizinhlanzi ezidla ezinye izilwane eziphakathi nendawo ezinkulu, ezivame emanzini ase-Archipelago futhi ezithandwa kakhulu ekudleni kwasendaweni, kokubili ekhaya nasezindaweni zokudlela.
Ngokusho kwamarekhodi ka Impilo Yomphakathi Yeziqhingi zaseCanary, ngo-2024 kuphela lapho batholakala khona Amakhophi we-348 ukuthi i-amberjack ine-ciguatoxin kanye 187 Ama-grouper anobuthi. Nakuba kukhona ezinye izinhlanzi eziqashwe ngokucophelela, njenge- i-silverside (i-Pomatomus saltatrix), the wahoo (Acanthoocybium solandri) noma i abade (Mycteroperca fusca)Inani lamacala aqinisekisiwe kulezi zinhlobo liphansi kakhulu, ngokwengxenye ngoba nawo abanjwa futhi ahlaziywe ngobuningi obuncane.
Ubudlelwano phakathi kosayizi wezinhlanzi kanye nengozi ye-ciguatera Leli yiphuzu elibalulekile: izinhlobo ezinkulu, eziphezulu ochungechungeni lokudla, ziqoqa ubuthi obengeziwe ngokudla ezinye izinhlanzi esezingcolisiwe kakade. Ngenxa yalesi sizathu, imikhawulo yesisindo iye yasungulwa ngokomlando, idinga ukuhlolwa kwezinhlobo ezithile, njengoba kwakunjalo ngamaqembu anesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-15, umkhawulo oye wehliswa kancane kancane (waba cishe amakhilogremu angu-7) njengoba ubufakazi obusha besayensi buvele.
Ukuqubuka kwezifo okubangelwa izinhlobo ezingaphandle kohlelo lokulawula
Nakuba ukugxila okuyinhloko kungama-amberjack nama-grouper, abacwaningi bathole okungenani ukuqubuka kwe-ciguatera okune phakathi kuka-2008 no-2025 okubangelwa izinhlobo ezingafakwanga ohlwini lwe-Ciguatoxin Control ProgramLe datha iphakamise izixwayiso, ngoba ikhombisa ukuthi uhlu lwezinhlobo eziqashwe ngokucophelela lungase lunganeli ukumboza yonke ingozi yangempela.
Icala elivame ukucashunwa kakhulu ukuqubuka okwenzeka ngemva kokudla i- i-bicuda noma i-beaked (Sphyraena viridensis) cishe 2 amakhilogremu, ithengwe esitolo esikhulu e- FuerteventuraI-bicuda, efana ne-barracudas yasezindaweni ezishisayo, ayizange ifakwe ezilawulweni eziphoqelekile, kodwa lesi siqephu sabonisa ukuthi Ingaqoqa futhi inani eliyingozi le-ciguatoxin..
Lokhu kanye nezinye izehlakalo kuholele amaqembu ukuthi I-Epidemiology kanye Nokuvimbela ukugcizelela ukuthi Uhlelo lokuqapha kumele lube namandlaIzindlela ezisetshenziswa yi-Directorate General of Fisheries zibuyekezwa njalo, zifaka ulwazi olusha ngezinhlobo, ubukhulu, kanye nezindawo zokudoba kanye nobufakazi bokuthi kukhona ubuthi.
Isimo sibonisa ukuthi ingozi ayigcini eqenjini elincane kuphela de peces mkhulu, kodwa Ezinye izinhlobo ezithakazelisa ukudoba zingase zithinteke uma kunezimo ezifanele zemvelo nezemvelo zokwanda kwama-microalgae akhiqiza i-ciguatoxin.
Indlela i-ciguatera eyenzeka ngayo nokuthi kungani ithinta kakhulu izinhlanzi ezithile
I-Ciguatera ibangelwa yiqembu lobuthi—i- i-ciguatoxins- ekhiqizwe abathile i-benthic microalgae, ikakhulukazi yohlobo I-GambierdiscusLezi zinhlobo ze-algae zikhula phansi kolwandle, emadwaleni noma kuma-macroalgae, futhi zigwinywa yizinhlanzi ezidla uhlaza noma izilwane zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla. Ukusuka lapho, Ubuthi buqina kakhulu njengoba sikhuphuka ochungechungeni lokudla.
Izinhlanzi ezincane zingaqukatha i-ciguatoxin eyanele ukubangela ubuthi, kodwa Ingozi iyanda kakhulu kumasampula amakhulu, ezidla inyamazane engcolile ngaphambilini. Lokhu kuchaza ukuthi kungani izinhlobo ezifana ne-amberjack noma i-grouper, Izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane eziphakathi nezinkulu ezivame emanzini aseCanary Island, zihlobene kakhulu ne-ciguatera e-Archipelago.
Esinye isici esenza kube nzima ukuphathwa kwenkinga ukuthi Ayikho indlela ethembekile yokubona ngeso lenyama ukuthi inhlanzi ingcolile.Ayishintshi iphunga layo, umbala, noma ukuthungwa kwayo, futhi ubuthi buhlala buqinile ekushiseni nasekubanda. Njengamanje, akukho ukuhlolwa okusheshayo kwezentengiselwano okutholakala kabanzi okungasetshenziswa yinoma yimuphi umdobi echwebeni noma enhlanganweni yabadobi ngaphandle kokusebenzisa ilabhorethri ekhethekile.
Ngokuphathelene nempilo yabantu, i-ciguatera ingabangela izimpawu zesisu (ukuhlanza, isifo sohudo), izifo zenhliziyo y izinkinga zezinzwa nezinzwa okuthi, kwezinye izimo, kuhlale amasonto noma ngisho nezinyanga. Lokhu kuphikelela, kuhlangene nokungakwazi ukuqeda ubuthi ngokucubungula izinhlanzi, kuholela iziphathimandla ekucabangeni ukuthi ingozi yokudla ebaluleke kakhulu.
Indima ye-IUSA kanye nezinhlelo zokuqapha eziQhingini zaseCanary
Kusukela ngo-2012, Isikhungo Sezempilo Yezilwane Nokuphepha Kokudla (IUSA), exhunywe ku-ULPGC, isebenza njenge ilabhorethri yesifunda yokubhekisela ye-ciguatera eziQhingini zaseCanaryUmsebenzi wabo oyinhloko ukuhlaziya amasampula ezinhlanzi ezisolisayo, kokubili ezivela ekudobeni kochwepheshe kanye nokubanjwa kokuzijabulisa, ukuze kuvinjelwe amasampula angcolile ukuba angafiki kumthengi.
Izilawuli ezisemthethweni zigxile ku amaphuzu ayisihluthulelo ochungechungeni lokudlaikakhulukazi ku izimakethe zezinhlanzi kanye nokuthengiswa kokuqalalapho kunqunywa khona ukuthi inqwaba yezinhlanzi ingathengiswa noma kumele ikhishwe ngenxa yokuba khona kobuthi. Uma umphumela omuhle uqinisekiswa, imvelaphi yokubamba iyalandelwa futhi izinyathelo zokuphatha nokuxhumana ziyasetshenziswa, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa amathuba okuqubuka kwesifo.
Iziphathimandla zigcizelela ukuthi, naphezu kwamacala abhalwe phansi, Uhlelo lokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi luye lwabonakala lusebenza kahleIqiniso lokuthi bambalwa kuphela ababhalisiwe Ukuqubuka kwezifo ezingu-28 eminyakeni engu-17 Lokhu kuchazwa njengophawu lokuthi ukulawulwa kokudoba kwezentengiselwano kusebenza kahle, ikakhulukazi uma ucabangela inani lezinhlanzi ezihamba eziQhingini zaseCanary minyaka yonke.
Kodwa-ke, kukhona isixhumanisi esibuthakathaka: ukudoba ngokuzijabulisa kanye nokuthengisa okungakahlelekiUkuqubuka okuningi kwamuva nje kuye kwahlotshaniswa nezidakamizwa ezitholwa ngabantu, ngezinye izikhathi ezithengiswa ngaphandle kokubhekwa emabhawa amancane, ezindaweni zokuphuza utshwala, noma kuma-guachinches (izindawo zokudlela zendabuko zaseCanarian). Kulezi zimo, ngaphezu kwenkinga yezempilo yomphakathi, kungase kube khona imiphumela yezomthetho engathi sÃna kulabo abasabalalisa izinhlanzi ezingcolile ngaphandle kwemizila esemthethweni.
Ukuze kuncishiswe le ngozi, i-IUSA inikeza Ukuhlolwa kwe-ciguatoxin kwamahhala kubadobi nakubantu ngabanye, abanomthwalo wemfanelo wokuthuthwa kanye nokufakwa kwamasampula kuphela. Isincomo sicacile: uma kukhona ukungabaza ngobukhulu noma uhlobo lwenhlanzi ebanjiwe, Kungcono ukuyihlaziya ngaphambi kokuyidla noma ukuyithengisa..
Umthelela wezomnotho wezinhlobo ezithinteke kakhulu
Ukuphathwa kwe-ciguatera eziQhingini zaseCanary kuyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yobunzima obukhulu bezomnotho bezinhlobo ezihilelekile kakhulu. I-Amberjack ne-grouper ziphakathi kwezinhlanzi ezingamashumi amabili ezithola imali eningi kakhulu e-ArchipelagoNgakho-ke, noma yisiphi isinyathelo esivimbelayo sinomthelela oqondile ezinhlanganweni zabadobi, ezinqoleni zezandla, kanye nasemkhakheni wokungenisa izihambi.
Imininingwane evela ku-General Directorate of Fisheries kaHulumeni weziQhingi zaseCanary ikhombisa ukuthi, ngo-2025 kuphela, Inani lokubanjwa kwe-amberjack selidlule ama-euro angu-500.000 ekuthengisweni kokuqalaLokhu kubeka uhlobo cishe endaweni yeshumi nanye ohlwini lwezomnotho lwezinhlobo ezingaphezu kuka-160 ezibhalisiwe. MereOkwamanje, sekuseduze I-300.000 euro, cishe endaweni yeshumi nesikhombisa ohlwini olufanayo.
Ngokungafani nezinye izindawo lapho inketho ikhethiwe khona ukuvimbela ngokuphelele ukumaketha noma ukusetshenziswa Kwezinhlobo ezithile ezisengozini enkulu, eCanary Islands iziphathimandla zizama ukuthola ukulinganisela phakathi kwempilo yomphakathi kanye nokusimama komnothoOkwamanje, imephu yendlela isekelwe ekwandiseni nasekucwengisiseni izilawuli, ukukhawulela ngobukhulu nendawo yokubamba esikhundleni sokuvimbela izinhlobo zezinhlanzi eziphelele, kanye nokuqinisa ukuqeqeshwa kochwepheshe bezempilo kanye nomkhakha wokudoba.
Lokhu kulinganisela kubucayi: ngakolunye uhlangothi, Ingozi ye-ciguatera ayinakunakwa; komunye, Ukuvalwa ngokuphelele kwe-amberjack noma i-grouper fishery kungaba nemiphumela emibi kakhulu. emindenini eminingi ethembele kulezi zinhlanzi ezibanjiwe. Ngakho-ke, izinhlelo ziyaklanywa kancane kancane, zilungisa imikhawulo kanye nohlu lwezinhlobo njengoba idatha entsha itholakala.
Inkinga evelayo engadlulela ngale kweziQhingi zaseCanary
Okuhlangenwe nakho kweziQhingi zaseCanary akukona nje ukukhathazeka ezingeni lesifunda, kodwa futhi Kubhekwe eduze kwezinye izingxenye zaseYurophuUkuba khona kwe-ciguatera e-Archipelago nasezindaweni eziseduze, njengeMadeira, kuchazwa njengesibonakaliso esingaba khona se- izinguquko zemvelo kanye nesimo sezulu ezisekela ukwanda kwama-microalgae akhiqiza ubuthi.
Ochwepheshe besevisi yekhwalithi yokudla ye- Uphiko Olujwayelekile Lwezempilo Yomphakathi Bayakhumbula ukuthi, eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu edlule, I-Ciguatera yayingekho ngisho nase-Archipelago Futhi namuhla kuyingozi ezinzile neyaziwayo. Sekuvele kutholakale eMedithera. i-microalgae ehlotshaniswa ne-ciguatera, okusekela umbono wokuthi Ubuthi bungasakazekela ezindaweni ezintsha ezisogwini lwaseYurophu. eminyakeni ezayo uma izimo ezinhle ziqhubeka.
Okwamanje, eziQhingini zaseCanary, umsebenzi uyaqhubeka hhayi nje kuphela wokugcina ukuqapha, kodwa futhi thuthukisa izindlela zokuthola ezisheshayo neziqondileEnye yezindlela zocwaningo eziqhubekayo ihlose ukudala ukuhlolwa okusheshayo okuvumelaniswe nohlobo lwe-ciguatoxin olukhona eziQhingini, okuhlukile kulokho okutholakala kwezinye izindawo ezishisayo zeplanethi.
Ukuba nokuhlolwa okusheshayo nokuthembekile kungavumela ukwenza lula kakhulu izinqumo ezimakethe zezinhlanzi kanye nasezimakethe zechwebaLokhu kuzovimbela amaqoqo asolisayo ukuthi angaxutshwa namanye futhi kuvumele ukukhishwa okusheshayo kwamaqoqo aphephile. Kungaba futhi ithuluzi eliwusizo lokudoba ngokuzijabulisa, lapho okwamanje ukufinyelela ekuhlolweni kuncike cishe ngokuphelele ekulethweni ngokuzithandela kwamasampula kuma-laboratory akhethekile.
Izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanziIzinhlobo, ikakhulukazi i-amberjack kanye ne-grouper, zithwala umthwalo wobuthi be-ciguatera eziQhingini zaseCanary, kokubili ngenxa yobuthi bazo kanye nokubaluleka kwazo kwezomnotho kanye nokwezenhlalo. Ukuqubuka kwezinhlanzi okuhlobene nezinhlanzi ngaphandle kohlelo lokulawula kubonisa ukuthi uhlu lwezinhlobo ezisengozini kumele luqhubeke nokubuyekezwa, kuyilapho umsebenzi we-IUSA (Institute of Aquatic Sciences of the Canary Islands) kanye neziphathimandla zezempilo ugcine inani lezigameko liphansi kakhulu. Njengoba isimo semvelo sishintsha futhi kungenzeka ukuthi sisakazekele kwezinye izindawo ezifana neMedithera, Ukugcina nokuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokuqapha, ukuqeqeshwa kwezempilo, kanye nolwazi lomphakathi kuzoba yisihluthulelo sokuqhubeka nokujabulela izinhlanzi eziphephile eziQhingini zaseCanary nakwezinye izindawo zaseYurophu..