I-Los izinhlanzi ezinkulu zasolwandle ezibusa phezulu kochungechunge lokudlaIzinhlobo zasolwandle, njenge-tuna kanye noshaka, zizithola zisesimweni esiyingozi njengoba ulwandle lufudumala. Umsebenzi wesayensi wakamuva uphinde wagcizelela ukuthi amazinga okushisa amanzi akhuphukayo anciphisa kanjani amathuba azo okusinda.
Ucwaningo, olushicilelwe kumagazini i-Science kanye nokubamba iqhaza kwe- Universidad de GranadaUmbiko uxwayisa ngokuthi lezi zilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle zidinga amandla amaningi ukuze zihlale zisebenza futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, zinobunzima obandayo bokuqeda ukushisa ezikukhiqizayo. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kuzibeka engcupheni enkulu yokushisa ngokweqile futhi kungaphoqa izinguquko ezinkulu ekusabalaleni kwazo olwandle, kuhlanganise nalezo ezizungezile iYurophu.
Ziyini izinhlanzi ze-mesothermic futhi kungani zisengozini kangaka?
Ucwaningo luhlukanisa ngokucacile phakathi kwezinhlobo ezimbili eziyinhloko. de peces ngokusho kobudlelwano bazo nokushisa: i ama-ectotherms aqinileokushisa komzimba wakhe kuncike cishe ngokuphelele emanzini, kanye ama-mesothermszikwazi ukukhiqiza nokugcina ukushisa kwazo kwangaphakathi. Leli qembu lesibili lihlanganisa ezinye zezinhlobo zasolwandle ezaziwa kakhulu nezinkulu kunazo zonke.
Ama-mesotherms afaka phakathi i-tuna, oshaka abakhulu abamhlophe, oshaka ababhukudayo noma i-whale sharkIzilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye izilwane noma izihlungi zokudla, okuthi, ngenxa yobukhulu bazo, zidinga ukuhlinzekwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo. Inzuzo yazo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo—ukukwazi ukuhlala zifudumele futhi zisebenza emanzini abandayo—manje iba ubuthakathaka obungaba khona njengoba ulwandle lufudumala.
Ucwaningo luchaza ukuthi, kubantu abanobukhulu obufanayo, izinhlanzi ze-mesothermic Zisebenzisa amandla amaningi kakhulu kune-ectotherms Ngaphezu kwalokho, zinobunzima obukhulu bokuqeda ukushisa ezikukhiqizayo. Lokhu kungalingani kwamandla nokushisa kuyawohloka njengoba zikhula ngobukhulu, zisunduzela izinhlobo ezinkulu endaweni esengozini kakhulu lapho zibhekene nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu.
Abalobi bagcizelela ukuthi lezi zinhlanzi ezinkulu zasolwandle zisebenza njenge- izinkomba ezibucayi kakhulu zomthelela wokufudumala komhlaba olwandleUma inani labo lisengozini, imiphumela ingasakazeka ngokushesha kuyo yonke indawo yezemvelo, kube nemiphumela ebhubhisayo ezinyamazaneni, ezincintisana nabo, futhi ekugcineni, ekudobeni ngezohwebo.
Indlela esivumela ukuthi silinganise lokho okwakucishe kungenzeki ngaphambili.
Enye yentuthuko ebalulekile yalolu cwaningo ukuthuthukiswa kwe- indlela entsha yokulinganisa isidingo se-metabolic yezinhlobonhlobo eziningi de peces okunamathambo kanye nokudla okunokhalo. Kuze kube manje, ukulinganisa ngqo izinga lokusetshenziswa kwemithi yezilwane eziningi ezinkulu ezidla ezinye izilwane zasolwandle elabhorethri kwakungenakwenzeka noma kumane kungenzeki.
Ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe, lapho umcwaningi ehlanganyela khona U-Ignacio Peralta Maraver, wase-University of GranadaBaklame futhi baqinisekisa imodeli ehlanganisa ubukhulu bomzimba wohlobo ngalunye kanye nesu layo lokushisa. Besebenzisa lezi zinhlaka, bayakwazi ukubala ukuthi badinga amandla angakanani kanye namandla abo angempela okususa ukushisa abakukhiqizayo.
Ngenxa yalezi zilinganiso, ososayensi bangakwazi faka ekuhlaziyeni kwakho izinhlobo ezinkulu ezingafundwa kakhulu ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayonjengezinhlobo ezahlukene zoshaka noma i-tuna enkulu. Leli thuluzi livula ithuba lokubona kusengaphambili ukuthi la maqembu azosabela kanjani ezimweni ezahlukene zokufudumala kolwandle.
Imiphumela ikhombisa ukuthi imodeli iphinda ikhiqize ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje kwezinhlanzi ezinkulu zasolwandle emhlabeni jikeleleNgamanye amazwi, izindawo lapho lezi zilwane zigcwele khona namuhla zihambisana nezindawo lapho, ngokwezibalo zazo, ibhalansi phakathi kokukhiqizwa kokushisa nokulahlekelwa isakwazi ukulawuleka kuzo.
Usayizi omkhulu, ukushisa okwengeziwe: imbobo yokushisa
Esinye seziphetho ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu kulolu cwaningo ukuthi, njengoba izinhlanzi ze-mesothermic zikhula, Zikhiqiza ukushisa ngokushesha kunalokho ezingakwazi ukukukhiphaLokhu kungalingani kuveza ingozi ekhulayo yokushisa ngokweqile kwangaphakathi, ikakhulukazi emanzini asevele efudumele.
Lo mkhawulo uchaza ukuthi kungani eziningi zalezi zinhlobo, kufaka phakathi ezinye izinhlobo i-tuna yase-Atlantic kanye Oshaka bakhona emanzini aseYurophuZivame ukugxila ezindaweni ezibandayo, ezindaweni eziphakeme, noma emanzini ajulile. Kulezi zindawo, izinga lokushisa lamanzi lizisiza ukuthi zigcine ukushisa okweqile kuphansi futhi ziqhubeke nokusebenzisa amandla azo amaningi.
Imodeli eyasungulwa abacwaningi iphakamisa ukuthi, njengoba ulwandle luqhubeka nokufudumala, Izinhlobo eziningi zingaphoqeleka ukuba ziqhubekele phambili emanzini abandayo noma ekujuleni okukhulu ekufuneni izimo ezibekezelelekayo. Lokhu kuhamba ngeke kushintshe nje kuphela izindawo zemvelo, kodwa futhi nokudoba okuncike kuzo eNyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Atlantic naseMedithera.
Ngokusho kocwaningo, le "nkinga yokushisa" ayigcini nje ngokunquma ukuthi izinhlanzi ezinkulu zingahlala kuphi namuhla, kodwa futhi iyasiza ukuqonda ukuthi kungani kunemingcele yobukhulu obukhulu abangabufinyelelaNgale kwemingcele ethile, inhlanganisela yokushisa kwangaphakathi, izinga lokushisa lamanzi, kanye nesidingo samandla ayisekho esimweni esiqhubekayo.
I-megalodon kanye nokuqothulwa kwezilwane zasolwandle okwedlule
Lo msebenzi uqhubeka phambili ngokuphakamisa incazelo ye-physiological ukuze ukuqothulwa kolwandle okwenzeka eminyakeni eyizigidi edluleAbalobi basikisela ukuthi iziqhwaga zasendulo zifana ne- i-megalodon Babengase babanjwe esimweni esingenakunqotshwa sokushisa okweqile kanye nokuntuleka kwamandla atholakalayo.
Ngokwalo mbono, lezi zilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye zihlanganise i- isidingo samandla esiphezulu kakhulu esinamandla alinganiselwe okususa ukushisaLapho izimo zolwandle zishintsha—kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu somhlaba wonke, izinguquko emifuleni, noma izinguquko emifuleni yokudla—imingcele yazo yomzimba yayiyoncipha yaze yaba yinto engenakwenzeka.
Le ndlela ixhumanisa ngqo i-physiology yezinhlobo, ukusabalala kwazo ngokwezindawo kanye nengozi yazo yokuphelaEsikhundleni sokubheka ukuqothulwa kwezilwane njengezehlakalo ezizimele, lolu cwaningo luchaza lokhu njengomphumela wokulingana okuphoqelelwe phakathi kwezici zemvelo zezilwane nendawo ezihlala kuyo.
Endabeni ye-megalodon, lokhu kufundwa kusikisela ukuthi ukufudumala nezinye izinguquko ze-oceanography kungenzeka ukuthi ukusunduza uhlobo ngale kwemingcele yalo yokushisaNgokufanayo, ushintsho lwesimo sezulu lwamanje lusongela ukusunduza izinhlobo eziningana zezinhlanzi ezinkulu zesimanje ezimweni ezibucayi uma izingcindezi ezengeziwe, njengokudoba ngokweqile, zingancishiswa.
Imiphumela yokulondolozwa kolwandle kanye nokudoba olwandle olufudumele
Iziphetho zocwaningo azihlali ziyimfundiso nje kuphela. Ababhali balo bagcizelela ukuthi imiphumela yabo ivumela cabanga ukuthi yiziphi izinhlobo ezizoba sengozini enkulu yokufudumala kolwandle futhi lapho izifunda zingashintsha khona ngokushesha ekusatshalalisweni kwazo.
KwaseYurophu namazwe afana neSpain, ngemikhumbi emikhulu ezinikele ku- ukudoba i-tuna kanye nezinye izinhlanzi ezinkulu ze-pelagicLolu lwazi lubaluleke kakhulu. Ukulindela ukushintshela emanzini abandayo, kokubili e-Atlantic nakwezinye izindawo zokudoba, kungenza umehluko omkhulu lapho kuhlelwe ukuphathwa kwesikhathi esimaphakathi neside.
Abacwaningi baphakamisa ukuthi amasu okulondoloza kanye nezinqubomgomo zokudoba zifaka phakathi izindlela zokuphila nezokushisahhayi nje idatha yomlando mayelana nokubanjwa noma ukuba khona. Ngale ndlela, izindawo ezivikelwe olwandle noma izinyathelo zomzamo wokudoba zingaklanywa ezicabangela indlela ukusatshalaliswa kwalezi zinhlobo okuzoshintsha ngayo ngesimo ngasinye sokufudumala.
Lo mbiko uphinde ugcizelele isidingo sokuqinisa ukuvikelwa kwe- izinhlobo ezidumile ezifana noshaka omkhulu omhlophe, ushaka ohlala ebhaskini, i-tuna, noma ushaka womkhomo, esevele ibhekene nezinsongo ezifana nokudoba ngokweqile, ukuthwebula ngephutha noma ukuwohloka kwendawo yokuhlala. Uma ukucindezeleka kokushisa kwengezwa kukho konke lokhu, ingozi yokuwa kwabantu iyanda kakhulu.
Sekukonke, ucwaningo lwembula ukuthi ukufudumala kwezilwandle ingahlela kabusha ngokujulile isakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo zasolwandleKusukela ezidla ezinye ezinkulu kuya emazingeni aphansi e-trophic, ukuqonda lesi simo esisha akusadingeki kwisayensi, ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, kanye nemboni yokudoba, kodwa kuyisidingo esiphuthumayo sokubikezela izinguquko eseziqalile kakade ezimweni eziningi.
