I-aquaculture yaseYurophu yenza inqubekelaphambili kancane izinhlanzi ezikwazi ukumelana nofuzo ukulwa nezifo ezinkulu, ukuhlanganisa ukukhethwa kwakudala, i-genomics yesizukulwane esilandelayo, nokuhlelwa okunembayo. Umgomo ubalulekile: ukuqinisa impilo nenhlalakahle yezilwane, ukuzinzisa ukukhiqizwa, nokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kokwelashwa, ikakhulukazi ezinhlotsheni ezibalulekile ezifana ne-salmon yase-Atlantic.
Ngokusekelwe emiphumeleni yakamuva eyethulwa amaqembu asuka I-Norway, i-United Kingdom, ne-NetherlandsFuthi ngokusekelwa ucwaningo lwaseNingizimu Melika, imephu yomgwaqo iyahlanganiswa enentshisekelo eqondile eSpain kanye ne-Europe yonkana: ukuqonda isisekelo sofuzo sokumelana, ukuqinisekisa ngokuqinile ukuhlela ngakunye kanye nokuhlanganisa lokhu kuthuthukiswa kuzinhlaka zokulawula ezicacile nezibikezelwayo.
Kusho ukuthini ukwakha izinhlanzi ezikwazi ukumelana nezimo?
Ukwakhiwa kwezilwane ezinamandla kakhulu kuhlanganisa ukukhetha kwe-genomic kanye namathuluzi okuhlela afana ne-CRISPR ukusheshisa izinguquko ezizothatha izizukulwane eziningi, ngokusebenzisa izindlela zendabuko. Okubalulekile ukukhomba okuhlukile okunomthelela wangempela ekuphikiseni futhi ukuphathe ngendlela enembile, kungaba ngezinhlelo zokuzalanisa noma ukuhlela okuhlosiwe.
Isibonelo esiphathekayo siza ne-pangenomics ye-coho salmon, eyembule ukushintshashintsha kwesakhiwo okuhlotshaniswa nokufuywa kwasekhaya kanye nezici zentshisekelo ekhiqizayo. Kusethi enkulu yamasampuli, kutholwe izakhi zofuzo zenuzi ezingama-557, izakhi zofuzo eziguquguqukayo ezingaphezu kwezi-7.000, ama-megabase angu-152 okulandelana okusha kanye nezakhi zofuzo ezingama-436 ezazingachazwa ngaphambili, okuvula umnyango wezinkomba eziphelele zofuzo ze-aquaculture.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlaziya okudidiyelwe kwawo wonke ama-genomes kanye nama-transcriptomes kukhipha uhlu olufushane lwabazokhethwa i-pleiotropyOkungukuthi, okuhlukile okuthonya kokubili ukumelana nokukhula. Ocwaningweni olunama-genomes angu-1.200 kanye nabantu abangu-85 abahlolwe yi-RNA-seq, kwagxilwa kwehlela ezakhini zofuzo ezingu-28, ezintathu zazo zinezimpawu ezithile ze-allelic, kusengaphambili okuvumela ukukhetha noma ukuhlela ngezinjongo zezempilo kanye nokukhiqiza ngesikhathi esisodwa.
Ukwenza ukushicilela kukhule, imboni iyahlola i-automation ye-embryonic microinjection kanye nokugeleza komsebenzi okuphindaphindekayo. Umlayezo ojwayelekile ovela embonini ucacile: ukuhlela akuthathi indawo yokukhetha; iyayithuthukisa lapho ukukhetha kusilela khona noma lapho izithiyo zesikhathi sebhayoloji ziyisithiyo.
Izintwala zasolwandle kanye nezindlela zokuzivikela komzimba kuma-salmonids
El izintwala zasolwandle Kuhlala kuyinselelo enkulu yezempilo nezomnotho kuma-salmonids. Ucwaningo oluqhathanisayo lubonisa ukuthi izinhlobo ezifana ne-coho ne-pink salmon zibonisa ukusabela kwamasosha omzimba kusenesikhathi ngokumelene ne-ectoparasite, kuyilapho i-salmon yase-Atlantic ekuqaleni ingakwazi ukuvimbela ukunamathela kwayo okuqinile.
Besebenzisa i-proteomics, i-spatial transcriptomics, nokulandelana kwe-nuclear RNA, abacwaningi bathole izinkulungwane zezakhi zofuzo abathintekayo ekusebenzelaneni kwezinhlanzi nama-parasite futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, amaprotheni entwala akwazi ukuguqula ukuzivikela komzimba. Imephu yesikali seseli yendawo yokunamathela ivumela ukubonwa kokusebenza kofuzo ngqo lapho kwenzeka khona "impi" yokuzivikela.
Ngalolu lwazi, amakhandidethi ezivivinyo ze-CRISPR abekwe eqhulwini. Ukuguqulwa kofuzo njenge I-SOX3, i-mannose receptor noma i-cadherin-26 Yashintsha amandla okuhlasela, yaqinisa indima ewujuqu yama-neutrophils kokubili ekubhujisweni kwe-parasite nasekwenzeni buthaka indawo okubambelela kuyo esikhumbeni.
Inhloso yokusebenza ukudlulisa okunye kwalokho ukumelana kwemvelo kukho I-salmon yase-Atlantickungaba ngokukhetha okusekelwe kuma-immune phenotypes noma ngokuhlela okunembile. Isigaba esilandelayo sibandakanya ukuqinisekisa imigqa ehleliwe emsulwa nokusebenzisa amathuluzi okuxilonga njenge-RNA-scope ukuze kuqinisekiswe indlela.
EYurophu, lapho i-Lepeophtheirus salmonis nayo iyinkinga, lokhu okutholakele kunikeza isisekelo esisebenzayo: ukuqonda izindlela zokuzivikela komzimba esebenza ezinhlotsheni ezimelana nezifo ivumela ukuklanywa kwamasu afanelana nezilokazane ezivame kakhulu eNyakatho ye-Atlantic.
Ukuqinisekisa, izifo ezibalulekile kanye nemithetho yaseYurophu
Uma uhlelo lufuna ukufinyelela epulazini, kufanele luphelezelwe izilawuli ezipheleleIzimboni zase-Europe zisebenzisa izindlela ezisuselwe ekuthwebuleni-seq-okusezingeni eliphezulu ukuze zithole ukufakwa ngephutha, okungahlosiwe, kanye nokungcoliswa okungaba khona kwe-plasmid, okubonisa ukuthi ukuqinisekiswa kwangaphambilini kwezentengiso akunakuxoxiswana.
Isincomo sezobuchwepheshe ukuhlanganisa amapayipi e-bioinformatics akhiqizwayo kanye nemihlangano emihle yereferensi yokuhlola umcimbi ngamunye wokuhlela. Ezinkundleni zakamuva, kuphawulwe ukuthi ukudinga ukuhlaziywa komuntu ngamunye kwezinkulungwane zezilwane kungase kungenzeki, kodwa futhi ukuthi ukubeka izinto obala kanye nokulandeleka kubalulekile ekuzuzeni ukwethenjwa kokulawula nokwezenhlalo.
Ngaleso sikhathi, i-genomics esetshenzisiwe iyaqhubeka nokuqoqa ubufakazi obuphikisana nayo izifo ezithathelwanayoIn salmon Atlantic, izifunda ezihlobene I-BKD usebenzisa i-GWAS; ku-rainbow trout, amamodeli wokusebenzisana womgomo we-genotype ahlonza ama-QTL kanye nofuzo lwekhandidethi ukuze amelane nawo. IPNv; kanye ne-QTL eqinile exhunywe kuyo I-SRS ku-chromosome 21, ngamasu okuhlola umsebenzi wezakhi zofuzo ezibalulekile emigqeni yeseli ehleliwe.
Impikiswano yokulawula eYurophu iya ngokuya ihlukanisa phakathi i-transgenesis kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezihleliwe ngaphandle kwe-DNA yangaphandle edidiyelwe. Nakuba izikhathi zokulawula zihluka phakathi kwamazwe, ochwepheshe balinganisela iwindi leminyaka engu-5 kuya kwengu-10 ukuze babone imikhiqizo ngezinga elilinganiselwe, ngokuya ebufakazini bokuphepha nezinzuzo ezicacile enhlalakahleni yezilwane nempilo.
Njengoba iSpain ibhekisisa intuthuko ngaphakathi kohlaka lwe-EU, izici ezinqumayo zizoba... ukucaca okulawulwayoUkuxhumana okuqotho nokugxila ezicini ezinomthelela wezempilo ophezulu kubalulekile. Ukwamukelwa komphakathi kuyathuthuka uma kuboniswa ukuthi inhlanzi ehleliwe iphephile, inikela enhlalakahleni, futhi yehlisa ukwelashwa.
Yonke into ikhomba ku-ecosystem lapho isayensi nomthethonqubo kuhlangana khona: nge ama-pangenome amaningi apheleleNgohlu olucolisisiwe lwezakhi zofuzo zekhandidethi kanye nezivumelwano zokuqinisekisa eziqinile, i-Europe ne-Spain zizibeka esimweni sokushintsha ukumelana nofuzo kube ithuluzi elibambekayo eliqinisa impilo, ukukhiqiza kanye nokusimama kwezolimo zasemanzini.
