La Ixoxo likaDarwinI-Chilean pygmy marsupial, enye yezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini eziyingqayizivele kakhulu emhlabeni, ibhekene nosongo oluthule oluphakamisa izixwayiso emphakathini wesayensi womhlaba wonke. Isikhunta esincane esihlaselayo, okungenzeka ukuthi sivela e-Asia emashumini eminyaka edlule, siyimbangela yokuwa kwezinhlobo eziningi zaso emahlathini anesimo sezulu esipholile aseningizimu yeChile.
Leli cala seliphenduke i-referente mundial ukuqonda ukuthi isifo esithathelwanayo singaholela kanjani ekushabalaleni kwezinhlobo ezibonakala zijwayeleke kahle, futhi siyisixwayiso eYurophu nakwezinye izindawo lapho izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini sezivele zingaphansi kwengcindezi yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, ukulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala kanye nezinye izifo.
Ucwaningo lwamazwe ngamazwe olubeka ixoxo likaDarwin ebalazweni lesayensi
Ithimba lochwepheshe abavela IChile, iFrance, iSwitzerland kanye ne-United Kingdom, eholwa yisazi semithi yokwelapha i-herpetologist saseChile U-Andrés Valenzuela-Sánchez, ishicilele kumagazini Imvelo Yezemvelo Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo ucwaningo oluchaza ngokuningiliziwe ukuthi lesi sikhunta esihlaselayo sidluliselwa kanjani phakathi kwamaxoxo kaDarwin futhi sibangela iziqephu zokufa kwabantu abaningi.
Uphenyo, oluthuthukiswe ngaphezu kwe- iminyaka eyishumi yokusebenza ensimini Emahlathini aseningizimu yeChile, kubonisa ukuthi igciwane liyakwazi ukubangela ukuwohloka okuphelele kwezinhlobo ezincane zale ndawo. I-Rhinoderma darwiniiNgokusho kukaValenzuela-Sánchez ngokwakhe, konke kukhomba ukuthi isikhunta esifanayo singumphumela wokunyamalala kwe- ixoxo lasenyakatho likaDarwin, odume ngelika ixoxo lenkomo, okwayeka ukubonwa ngawo-1980.
Ixoxo lenkomo libhekwa njenge- isilwane esinomgogodla saseChile kuphela okungenzeka ukuthi seyanyamalala ezikhathini zamuva nje, futhi ucwaningo olusha luxwayisa ngokuthi ixoxo laseDarwin laseningizimu lingalandela indlela efanayo uma kungathathwa isinyathelo ngokushesha nangezinyathelo ezisekelwe kulobu bufakazi besayensi.
Lo msebenzi ubaluleke kakhulu kangangokuthi abahleli be- Imvelo Yezemvelo Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Bacele ukuphawula okwengeziwe kochwepheshe ukuze bachaze imiphumela yabo, into egcinwa yiphephabhuku kuphela ezihlokweni ezinethonya elikhulu kwezesayensi.
Isikhunta sasemanzini esiphinde sibangele umonakalo omkhulu emhlabeni
I-pathogen ehilelekile iyi- ukhunta microscopic ezihambisana nesifo esaziwa ngokuthi i-chytridiomycosisobangela enye yezinkinga ezinkulu kakhulu zokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo emhlabeni jikelele phakathi kwezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini. Ucwaningo luchaza ukuthi lesi sidalwa, okungenzeka ukuthi salethwa sivela e-Asia ngawo-1970, sesivele sakhiwe eChile futhi sidluliselwa kalula phakathi kwezinhlobo ezahlukene zexoxo likaDarwin.
Sekuyiminyaka eminingi kucatshangwa emphakathini wesayensi ukuthi lolu hlobo lwesikhunta, olunesigaba sokutheleleka esikhula amanziBabenobunzima bokusinda ezinhlotsheni zezilwane zasemhlabeni. Kwakukholelwa ukuthi, ngemva kokuthelela isilwane esihlukanisiwe, igciwane lizonyamalala ngoba alikwazanga ukuthola abantu abasha endaweni ezungezile.
Idatha eqoqwe yithimba lamazwe ngamazwe iwuphikisa ngokuphelele lowo mbono: isikhunta asigcini nje ngokusinda, kodwa Kusakazeka ngempumelelo ezinhlotsheni zezinhlobo eziphila cishe yonke impilo yazo emhlabeni, njengexoxo likaDarwin. Amazinga okutheleleka kanye nokufa okubonwe emahlathini ahlukene eningizimu yeChile abonisa ukuthi leli gciwane lasemanzini lingaba usongo olukhulu nasezilwanyaneni ezihlala emanzini ezingancikile emanzini ahlala njalo.
Omunye umbhali I-Soledad Delgado, ilungu le-NGO uRanita de Darwin, ugcizelela ukuthi imiphumela ivala impikiswano ende: lezi fungi zingabangela umonakalo omkhulu ezilwanyaneni zasemhlabenifuthi hhayi kuphela kulabo abanemikhuba yasemanzini noma engasemanzini, njengoba kwakucatshangwa ngaphambili.
Abacwaningi abavela ku- I-Universidad Austral de Chile, lo I-Andrés Bello University, lo Inyuvesi yaseZurich futhi i I-Marie noLouis Pasteur University, phakathi kwezinye izinhlaka, okuqinisa isimo somhlaba wonke somsebenzi kanye nokubaluleka kwawo empilweni yezindawo zemvelo ngezinga leplanethi.
Ingozi eTantauco: amaxoxo angaphezu kuka-1.300 afa ngonyaka owodwa
Isici esiphawulekayo salesi sifo sibonwe ku- I-Parque TantaucoEsiqhingini saseChiloé, indawo ebalulekile yokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo eningizimu yeChile, ukuqubuka kwe-chytridiomycosis kwabhubhisa abantu abangaphezu [kwenani elilahlekile] ngonyaka owodwa nje. Izinhlobo zexoxo likaDarwin eziyi-1.300, okwashiya abantu bendawo becishe baphelelwe yithemba.
Njengoba inkinga inkulu kangaka, ithimba eliholwa nguValenzuela-Sánchez lahlela, kanye nabaphathi bepaki, i- ukutakula okuphuthumayoAmasampula angagcinwa adluliselwe ku- I-Zoo yaseLondon, ephethwe yi-Zoological Society yaseLondon (ZSL) yomlando, ukuze igcinwe ezimweni ezilawulwayo.
Kulezi zindawo, izilwane zingaphansi kohlelo lwe- ukuzalanisa okuthunjiweyo okuhlose, esikhathini esimaphakathi neside, ukufeza ukuzala kwazo nokulungiselela ukubuyiselwa kwazo esikhathini esizayo ezindaweni eziphephile zaseChile. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ithimba lesayensi lithuthukisa ucwaningo olusetshenzisiwe ukuthola amasu amasha azovumela ukunciphisa umthelela wesikhunta futhi kwandise ukuqina kwemiphakathi yasendle.
Abalobi balolu cwaningo bagcizelela ukuthi ukuqonda ngokunembile ukuthi i-chytridiomycosis isebenza kanjani exoxo likaDarwin kunikeza imephu yokuklama izinqubo zokuphatha insimu, kokubili eChile nakwezinye izifunda, kufaka phakathi iYurophu, lapho sezichazwe khona kakade. ukuqubuka kwesikhunta esibangela izifo ezilwanyaneni zasemhlabeni.
Imiphumela yokongiwa kwemvelo kanye nezifundo kwamanye amazwe
Ngaphandle kokubhala phansi icala elithile eChile, umsebenzi unikeza ulwazi olubalulekile mayelana nendlela isifo esisanda kuvela Kungasakazeka buthule, kusongela zonke izinhlobo. Lo mbono ubaluleke kakhulu eYurophu, lapho izinhlobo eziningana zamaxoxo nama-salamander ziye zathinteka yizifo ezihlukahlukene zesikhunta emashumini eminyaka amuva nje.
Ubufakazi obuqoqwe ngexoxo likaDarwin bubonisa ukuthi liyisisekelo qapha ukuthi kukhona yini isikhunta esihlaselayo ezindaweni ezinezinhlobonhlobo eziningi zezinto eziphilayo, nokuthi ukuhlukanisa nje izindawo zokuhlala zasemanzini nasemhlabeni akwanele ukucabanga ukuthi uhlobo luphephile. Kwabaphathi bezemvelo baseYurophu, le miphumela ingaba umhlahlandlela lapho kuqinisa ukulawulwa kwezempilo ekuhwebeni kwezilwane zasendle emhlabeni wonke kanye nokuhamba kwezivakashi phakathi kwezindawo ezivikelwe.
Lolu cwaningo luphinde luqinise umqondo wokuthi ukulondolozwa kwezilwane eziphila emanzini kudinga izindlela ezibanzi, ezihlanganisa ukuvikelwa kwe amahlathi kanye namaxhaphoziUcwaningo ngezifo kanye nemfundo yalabo abavakashela noma abaphatha izindawo zemvelo lubalulekile. Kulokhu, icala laseChile ligcizelela isidingo sezinyathelo ezihlanganisiwe phakathi kwamapaki kazwelonke, izikhungo zocwaningo, kanye nezinhlangano zokulondolozwa komhlaba wonke.
KwaseSpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu nge izilwane eziphila emanzini nasezweni ezitholakala kalula Futhi kubantu asebevele becindezelwe yisomiso, ukungcola noma ukuhlukana kwezindawo zokuhlala, imiphumela yocwaningo ngexoxo likaDarwin iyisixwayiso: ukwenza okuthile kusenesikhathi kungenza umehluko phakathi kokugcina uhlobo oluthile luphila noma ukululahlekelwa unomphela.
Ukushicilelwa kumagazini ohlonishwa kakhulu njengo Imvelo Yezemvelo Nokuziphendukela Kwemvelo Lokhu kuqinisa isisindo salezi zincomo futhi kusiza izinhlangano zomphakathi kanye nezinhlangano ezizimele ukuba zibe nezimpikiswano eziqinile lapho zikhuthaza izinqubomgomo ezintsha. ukulondolozwa kwama-amphibian.
Impendulo evela emphakathini: i-NGO Ranita de Darwin kanye nencwadi yokuvimbela
Njengempendulo eqondile kokutholakele kocwaningo, I-NGO kaDarwin's FrogYasungulwa ngo-2015 futhi yazinikela ekuvikeleni izilwane eziphila emanzini nasemahlathini aseChile, yakha uhlelo incwadi yokuvimbela ukuvimbela ukusabalala kwe-chytridiomycosis ezindaweni ezivikelwe nakwezinye izindawo zezilwane zasendle.
Lo mbhalo, otholakala mahhala kuwebhusayithi yenhlangano, uhloselwe ukusatshalaliswa ku- amapaki kazwelonke, izindawo zokugcina kanye nezindawo zokusetshenziswa komphakathiKuhlanganisa izincomo ezisebenzayo zabasebenzi bepaki, abacwaningi, abaqondisi kanye nezivakashi, njengokuhlanza izicathulo nemishini, ukulawula ukuhamba phakathi kwezindawo ezahlukene zokuthatha amasampula noma ezokuvakasha, kanye neziqondiso eziyisisekelo zokuphepha kwezinto eziphilayo.
I-NGO, eyakhiwe yithimba elihlanganisa imikhakha eminingi ososayensi, odokotela bezilwane, abaxhumanisi kanye nabaculiIhlanganisa ucwaningo lwezemvelo, amaphrojekthi okulondolozwa kwemvelo, kanye nezinhlelo zemfundo yezemvelo. Umgomo wayo ukufaka isandla ekusaseni eliphephile lezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemahlathini aseChile aseningizimu enesimo sezulu esifudumele, enye yezindawo zemvelo ezinezinto eziphilayo eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni, kodwa futhi ingenye yezindawo ezisengozini enkulu.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukubambisana nezinhlangano ezifana I-Zoological Society yaseLondon (ZSL) Ivumela ukuxhumanisa ulwazi olutholakale eChile namanethiwekhi omhlaba wonke ochwepheshe bezifo zasendle, into ewusizo kakhulu kwezinye izindawo ezibhekene nezinkinga ezifanayo nezinhlobo zazo zamaxoxo namaxoxo.
Yonke le mizamo ehlangene, kusukela ekuqapheni kwesayensi isikhathi eside kuya ekusindiseni abantu eziphuthumayo kanye nokudalwa kwezincwadi zokuvimbela, idweba isithombe esiyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa esingenalo ithemba: Ixoxo likaDarwin Kusesimweni esibucayi, kodwa ulwazi oluqoqiwe lunikeza amathuluzi okuthatha isinyathelo ngesikhathi futhi luvimbele ukuthi lungaphindi isiphetho se-cowboy toad, isibonelo okungekho elinye izwe, eYurophu noma kuphi emhlabeni, elifuna ukusibona sibonakala ezilwanyaneni zalo.
