I-aquaculture yesimanje isekelwe embonweni olula: ngaphandle kwe umsoco onembile futhi ohlelwe kahle we-aquaculture Akukho ukukhula okuphumelelayo, impilo, noma inzuzo engenzeka. Emapulazini abanzi, anesilinganiso esincane, noma aqinile, izidingo ziyashintsha, kodwa umgomo uyafana: hlinzeka ngemisoco efanayo futhi esimeme ezihumushela ku-biomass yekhwalithi enomthelela omncane kwezemvelo.
Lesi sihloko akusona nje sezemfundo; kuhilela izinqumo zansuku zonke mayelana nokwakhiwa, ukuthengwa kwezinto ezingavuthiwe, nokuphatha ukudla. Eqinisweni, amaqembu ahlukahlukene abacwaningi—njengalawo asesikoleni I-Multidisciplinary Teaching and Research Unit ye-UNAM in Sisal (Yucatán)-sebeneminyaka besebenza ukuze baveze ukuthi yiziphi izithako ezisebenzayo, ngaphakathi kwemiphi imikhawulo futhi Ungakuthuthukisa kanjani ukugaya, ukusebenza kahle, nokusimama yohlelo lokukhiqiza.
Ikuphi ukondleka kwezilwane zasemanzini okuhlanganisayo nokuthi kungani kubalulekile
Uma sikhuluma ngokudla okunempilo kwezilwane zasemanzini sibhekisela ekufundeni umphumela we izithako kanye nokudla ekuphenduleni ngokomzimba, kwamakhemikhali kanye nokudla okunomsoco de peces, ama-crustaceans nama-mollusc athakasela ukuhweba. Lokhu kubandakanya ukuthuthukiswa kwe amafomu amasha, inani layo lokudla okunempilo ngokwakheka kwamakhemikhali, ukuziphatha kwayo emanzini kanye i-biodigestibility kwezakhamzimba nokudla.
Ukondleka kwe-aquaculture kunezindawo ezimbili ezinkulu zokusetshenziswa: ngakolunye uhlangothi, izitshalo ngezinhloso zokukhiqiza (ezosetshenziswa abantu), futhi ngakolunye uhlangothi, i emanziniKuzo zombili izimo, kugxilwe ekuqinisekiseni ukuthi isithako ngasinye siyagayeka uhlobo oluhlosiwe nokuthi ukudla kwenza umsebenzi wako ngendlela efanele ngangokunokwenzeka.
Ingxenye yezomnotho ayinakugwenywa: ukudla kuvame ukuba yi- into ebiza kakhulu yokusebenza ezitshalweni ezinomthamo omncane futhi oqinile. Ngakho-ke, uhlelo lokudla okunempilo ludinga ukuqonda okuhle kwe izidingo zokudla okunomsoco futhi unikeze imisoco ngokuphakelayo kwangaphandle kanye/noma ngokuthuthukisa ukudla kwemvelo, kuye ngesistimu (ebanzi, encane noma ejulile).
Ezinhlelweni ezijulile, ukuminyana kwesitoko kwenza ukudla kwemvelo kube nesisindo esincane noma singabi nalutho; impumelelo incike ekudleni okuphelele okubhalwe kahle kanye nokuphatha okwenza kube ngcono ukuguqulwa kwesiphakeli nokukhula ngaphandle kokuphazamisa izinga lamanzi.
I-Fishmeal, i-microalgae, namaprotheni amasha: yini okumelwe ishintshwe nokuthi yenziwe kanjani
I-Fishmeal ibe yinsika yomlando walo mkhakha ngenxa yayo Iphrofayili ephelele yamaprotheni, ingxenyenamba ye-lipid ewusizo, i-B complex namamineraliIvela ezinhlotsheni ezinjengama-sardine kanye ne-herring futhi, ngenxa yokubaluleka kwayo, ukukhishwa kwayo kuye kwafaka ingcindezi. abantu basolwandle. Ngakho-ke kukhona umjaho we ukunciphisa ukufakwa kwabo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa yimbuyiselo, exhunywe ku- emisha kanye nokusimama ekuzaleni de peces kwezamanzi.
Umugqa othembisayo ukubuyela ku- abakhiqizi bokuqala basolwandle: i-microalgaeBanikeza amaprotheni abalulekile, amafutha, izingulube, ama-sterol namavithamini. Nokho, zikhona izinselele: cell wall yabo kunciphisa ukugaya, ezinye izinhlobo ziqukethe ubuthi, futhi izindleko zokutshala nokucubungula zihlala zibalulekile. Ngakho-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwabo kuyaphenywa ukwahlukana (amaprotheni, i-lipids, amavithamini) kanye nokuguqulwa kwezingxenye zabo ukuze kwandiswe i-bioavailability.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwepulazi kubonisa ukuthi akuhlakaniphile ukushintsha ngokuzumayo esikhundleni esiphelele. Eqinisweni, ukusetshenziswa kwe-dehydrated powdered microalgae kubonisiwe ukukhula okuncane kakhulu lapho ukushintshwa kusetshenziswa ngokweqile. Isincomo sezobuchwepheshe ukukhomba izinhlobo eziwusizo, ahlukanise futhi ahlukanise izingxenye zawo, futhi uqinisekise ukufakwa ngezivivinyo eziqinile ngaphambi kokukhuphula. Lolu shintsho lungase ludinge Iminyaka engu-10-15 yomsebenzi edidiyelwe uma sifuna ukudambisa ingcindezi kuzinhlelo zemvelo zasolwandle.
Ngale kwe-microalgae, imakethe iyathuthuka ezinye izithako enephrofayili enhle ye-amino acid kanye nesinyathelo esiphansi: ufulawa izinambuzane (Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, amakhilikithi), imvubelo (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) namanye ama-microbial biomasses, kanye nemikhiqizo yezolimo nezimboni kanye nokudoba. Ezinambuzaneni, ngaphezu kwamaprotheni, i- lipids njengomthombo wamandla kanye nama-acids abalulekile anamafutha, nakuba engenayo i-EPA/DHA emazingeni aqhathaniswa namafutha ezinhlanzi.
Okwe-long-chain n-3 fatty acids, ama-microalgae athile afana I-Schizochytrium (ecebile nge-DHA) futhi I-Nannochloropsis (Umthombo we-EPA) vumela ukwakheka kwezingxube ezimboza i- izidingo zohlobo ngalunyeNgokuhambisanayo, uwoyela uyahlolwa. Lipomyces starkeyi ekhule kudoti, engasiza ekuhlukaniseni imithombo ye-lipid futhi nciphisa ukuncika wamafutha emifino yendabuko.
I-caveat eyinhloko lapho ukhuphula izinto zokusetshenziswa ezitshalweni yi- ukutheleleka kwe-mycotoxin, isitha esithule: ngemithamo ephansi noma emaphakathi kodwa eqhubekayo, ibeka engcupheni ukukhula nokuphila. Ukulawula kuncike ekuziphatheni okuhle kulo lonke iketango futhi, lapho kufanele, kuqhubeke sequesting izithasiselo ezinciphisa ukumuncwa kwawo emathunjini.
Amaprotheni, ama-amino acid kanye nekhwalithi yamaprotheni: izidingo, indlela yokusebenza kanye nezingibe
Amaprotheni ayi-macronutrient ebaluleke kakhulu ezinhlanzini nasezimfanzini. Izincwadi zokuhlola zibeka i izidingo zamaprotheni ngebanga elibanzi (cishe ama-24–57% endabeni eyomile), ngokuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo zezilwane, isigaba sempilo, izinga lokushisa, kanye nendlela yokuhlola. Kujwayelekile ukuveza izidingo ezifana nalezi % amaprotheni noma njengoba amaprotheni: isilinganiso samandla.
Kunezindlela ezimbalwa zokulinganisa izidingo: kusuka ekudleni nge ukwandisa amazinga amaprotheni kanye nokubhekwa kwejika lokusabela lokukhula, kuze kufike ekusondeleni kwe ukugcinwa okuphezulu kwe-nitrogenKuma-amino acid abalulekile (EAA), ukwesekwa kancane kancane kwe i-crystalline amino acid futhi, ngokunye, ukulinganiswa kwe- ukubekwa esidumbu nsuku zonkeLesi sakamuva sinikeza ireferensi eqinile futhi engaguquki kuwo wonke amalabhorethri.
Ama-EAA ezinhlanzi nama-crustaceans ahlanganisa, phakathi kokunye, I-lysine, i-methionine, i-threonine, i-tryptophan, i-arginine, i-leucine, i-isoleucine, i-valine, i-histidine ne-phenylalanine. Okungabalulekile kusalokhu kubalulekile ezingeni le-physiological, kanti okunye-njengalokhu i-cystine ne-tyrosine- ingakhiwa kusuka kuma-EAAs (i-methionine ne-phenylalanine, ngokulandelana), okuthinta izidingo zokugcina zokudla.
Iphuzu elibalulekile: ukudla okunephesenti eliphezulu loku khulula amino acid kuvame ukwenza okubi kakhulu kunalezo ezisekelwe kumaprotheni "aphelele", ngenxa yomehluko wezikhathi zokumunca kanye neziqongo ze-plasma ezingavumelanisiwe. Nakuba kukhona okuhlukile ezigabeni ezithile (ngokwesibonelo, ku- izibungu kwamanye ama-crustaceans), umthetho osebenzayo uwukukhulisa amaprotheni ekhwalithi ephezulu futhi usebenzise ama-amino acids mahhala umbandela wezobuchwepheshe (ihlanganiswe, imboziwe) noma lungisa imvamisa yokudla ukugcina iphrofayili ye-AAE ezinzile esicutshini.
Ikhwalithi yamaprotheni yesithako incike kuyo Iphrofayili ye-AAE nokutholakala kwayo. Izici eziqhubekayo (ama-enzyme inhibitors ku-legumes), izindonga zamaseli ezitshalo kanye nokudla okuthile okugayiwe kunganciphisa ukugayeka kokudla. ngokweqile kubangela ukusabela kwe-Maillard okubamba i- lysine, inciphisa inani layo lebhayoloji. Ukuhlola ingxenye ye-lysine “etholakalayo” kuyinkomba enhle yokuqapha lokhu kulahlekelwa.
Ama-lipids, ama-carbohydrate, amavithamini namaminerali: izigaba ezisebenzayo nezinto eziza kuqala
I-lipids ihlinzeka amandla metabolizable nama-fatty acids abalulekile. Ekudleni okunamafutha, amanani aphakathi kuka-6-8% asebenza kahle ezinhlotsheni eziningi, ngenkathi ephakathi ama-microdiets wezibungu Ikhuphukela ku-10-20% futhi kubekwe kuqala ama-phospholipids nama-PUFAs enentshisekelo. Ukukhethwa kwamafutha kunquma iphrofayili ye-steak nokusebenza kwe-zootechnical.
Ama-carbohydrate athatha indawo eguquguqukayo: kuma-shrimp, 5 kuya ku-25% kuye ngohlelo kanye nezinhlobo; ezinhlanzini ze-omnivorous ngokuvamile zivuma I-30-40%, nasezilwaneni ezidla inyama ihamba phakathi I-10-20%. Ezibungwini de peces, ingxenye ye-carbohydrate akufanele idlule, ngokuvamile, i 12%, ukugwema ukuphazamisa ukugaya nokukhula.
Amavithamini eqembu B Zibalulekile njengama-cofactors we-metabolic; phakathi kwalawo ancibilikayo ngamafutha, okulandelayo kuyagqama: A, E noK. Ezigabeni ezibucayi (isb. i-larviculture) kuyancomeka ukuthi kuqinisekiswe uvithamini C no-E ukugcina ubuqotho bezicubu kanye nokuvikela i-lipids ku-oxidation. Ukuzinza kwamavithamini kanye nawo ukusatshalaliswa okulinganayo ku-pellet kubalulekile ekunikezeni ngakunye ukunikeza umthamo ohlosiwe.
Kumaminerali, izinhlanzi eziningi zamanzi ahlanzekile zimunca football emanzini, kodwa fosforo ukuncibilika ngokuvamile akwanele futhi kufanele kufakwe ekuphakeleni (inkomba evamile ingu-0,6% ekudleni ukuze kukhawulwe ubuncane, kushintshwa ngezinhlobo nezigaba). Ukwakhiwa kufanele kuhlole ukuxhumana phakathi kwamaminerali (ngokwesibonelo, ama-antagonisms) nokulinganisela nezinye izakhamzimba, ukuze izidingo zimbozwe ngaphandle kokukhipha incithakalo ngokweqile.
Izindlu eziphakelayo ezisebenza ngendlela ye-micronutritional - njengoba kuchazwe ekuhlangenwe nakho kwe ukwakhiwa kwezimboni- lungisa amavithamini namaminerali ngokusekelwe kuhlobo, isigaba, inqubo kanye imigomo yokusetshenziswa, ukugwema ukushiyeka komtholampilo kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuqina komzimba kuwo wonke umjikelezo.
Impilo yamathumbu, amandla aphelele, kanye ne-RAS: ukusebenza kahle kuqala emathunjini
Uhlelo lokugaya ukudla olunempilo luyinhliziyo yokusebenza kwepulazi. microbiota, ukwakheka kwamathumbu, ukungatheleleki kanye namandla okumunca kuthintwa ikhwalithi yokudla, ukunambitheka kanye nokugaya, nangezingcindezi ezifana nokubamba, izinga lokushisa, usawoti, i-pH, nokuminyana. Lapho isilwane siqina kakhulu, ikubekezelela kangcono ukucindezeleka futhi ukukhula kwawo kuqhubeka njalo.
Lapho kwakhiwa, kubalulekile ukubheka hhayi kuphela amandla aphelele noma agayekayo, kodwa futhi amandla aphelele (okusele ngemuva kokukhipha ukulahleka kwe-metabolic). Ukwakheka okungalungile kungadubula lokhu kulahlekelwa kuze kufike ku-30-40% futhi kuvimbele ukuguqulwa, kuyilapho kukhethwa izithako nge high digestibility coefficients futhi iphrofayili enhle ye-micronutrient inyusa ukusebenza kahle kwangempela.
I-Los recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) Ziya phambili ngokusimama nokulawula: zivumela ukunciphisa ingcindezi ezindaweni zamanzi, izinsiza zokuvuselela kabusha, ukuzinzisa ukuphepha kwemvelo kanye, nokudla okwanele, ngcono ukusebenza Ukunciphisa ukungcoliswa kwamanzi kwesistimu. Ukukhetha okuphakelayo okuhambisana ne-RAS (ukulunga okuphansi, ukuzinza okuhle, ukugayeka kokudla kakhulu) kubalulekile ukuze isihlungi sezinto eziphilayo sisebenze kahle. ungalayishi kakhulu.
Ngokuhambisanayo, ukukhetha kwekhwalithi yezinto zokusetshenziswa zasendaweni kusiza ukwehlisa igxathu lelogistics futhi -ngokusekelwa ubuchwepheshe obufana Nir- wazi ngesikhathi sangempela ukwakheka kanye imishanguzo (isb. i-phytate) ukulungisa ukwakheka okuhle kanye nezilungisi ze-enzyme.
I-Phytase ne-phosphorus: ukugayeka kokudla, ukukhishwa okuncane
Ukwanda kwezinto zokusetshenziswa kwezitshalo kuletha nokunye okwengeziwe i-phytic acid, ebopha i-phosphorus futhi inciphise ukutholakala kwamaminerali nama-amino acid. Ama-phytases angaphandle akhulula enye yale phosphorus eboshiwe futhi anikeze imiphumela ye-extra-phosphoric (i-digestibility engcono, ukuguqulwa kanye nama-coefficients okukhula).
Ku-rainbow trout, imithamo ephezulu (≈ 4000 FTU/kg) kukhonjiswe ukunciphisa ukukhishwa kwamanzi ngokuzungeza 47% phosphorus futhi a 7% i-nitrogen, ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo kwemvelo ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile lapho i-phosphate ivame ukuba ngumthombo okhawulelayo ukukhishwa kwesichazamazwiLokhu kuhumusha engozini ephansi yokuqhakaza kwe-algal kanye nekhwalithi engcono yamanzi.
Ukuhlola okulawulwayo ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa ahlukene bathole ukuthi nge 2500 FTU/kg Izisindo zokugcina eziphakeme nezingcono ziyafinyelelwa ukuguqulwa kwesiphakeli, ngisho nangaphandle kwe-phosphorus ye-inorganic eyengeziwe lapho i-matrix yesitshalo iphezulu. Emanzini afudumele izinhlanzi ezifana inhlanzi eyikati (I-Ictalurus punctatus kanye ne-hybrid ene-I. furcatus), ukwesekwa “ngaphezulu” ku-2500 FTU/kg isisindo esithuthukisiwe kakade enyangeni yokuqala, wehlise i-FCR kanye namaminerali aphakeme egazini nesibindi.
En i-tilapia, umklamo we-factorial onamazinga amabili e-phosphorus etholakalayo (0,40% no-0,65%) kanye ne-phytase (0 no-2000 FTU/kg) ibonise, njengomphumela oyinhloko we-enzyme, kangcono ukugaya kwe-phosphorus, ukuzuza kwesisindo esikhulu, i-FCR engcono kanye nokufakwa kwe-phosphorus okwengeziwe ithamboKafushane, i-phytase ene-substrate affinity ephezulu kanye nomsebenzi osheshayo iyithuluzi lokunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-phosphate, ukunciphisa izindleko futhi unciphise ukukhishwa kwemisoco.
Ukwandisa imbuyiselo, kubalulekile ukwazi izinga langempela le i-phytic phosphorus ekudleni (i-NIR iyasiza), izinga lokushisa lamasiko (eliguqula i-enzyme kinetics), i isikhathi sokuhamba kanye nephrofayili yesithako, ukulungisa imithamo futhi, uma kufanele, kuhlanganiswe namanye ama-enzyme ukubhubhisa izici eziqhubekayo.
Izinhlobo namakesi: ama-penaeids, i-Octopus maya, i-sea bass, i-grouper ne-octopus
Ku-shrimp, ukungabi khona kwama-lipids athile nama-sterol kuthatha umonakalo: ukuntula omega-3 kuthinta ukuthuthukiswa kwe-gonadal futhi, uma kungekho cholesterol okwanele ekudleni, ukuhlanganiswa kwe-hormone ye-molting kuyathinteka, kube nzima ukukhula ngenxa yokwehluleka i-ecdysis. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-penaeids ayazwela ama-protease inhibitors (njengama-trypsin) akhona kwamanye amaprotheni ezitshalo, adinga ukucubungula kanye/noma izithasiselo ukuze kuncishiswe le nkinga.
Uma ushintsha ukudla kwenhlanzi ngokunamathisela okunamaprotheni aphansi kwemifino (35-45% vs. 50-70% ngokudla kwezinhlanzi), kuvamile ukubona ukukhula okubi kakhulu, hhayi kuphela ngamaphesenti amaprotheni kodwa nangamaphrofayili e-amino acid engaphelele kanye nokuba khona kwama-antinutrients. Isixazululo ukuhlanganisa amaprotheni inhlanganisela ilinganisela kahle ku-EAA, icubungule ukuze ikhulise ukugayeka kokudla, ukusetshenziswa Ama-enzyme lapho kufaneleka futhi uvale ukwakheka ngama-lipids anele nama-micronutrients.
Phakathi kwezinhlanzi, kuye kwenziwa umsebenzi ophawulekayo ngezinhlobo zendawo ezifana ne amabhasi olwandle amhlophe, the Iqembu elibomvu laseCaribbean futhi i i-octopus, ngokugcizelela ekondlekeni okuvela ezigabeni zentsha kanye nokuhlolwa komshayeli eduze nezimo zentengiso. Icala eliyingqayizivele I-Octopus yaseMayan (Ingwane ebomvu yaseCaribbean): Ukuqonda uhlelo lwayo lokugaya ukudla, imikhuba yayo kanye nendlela ekusebenzisa ngayo ukudla kusivumele ukuthi sichaze amasu okudla. ukudla okulinganiselayo okwengeziwe ku-physiology yabo.
Ekukhiqizeni, imibandela enquma ukuthi ukwakheka “kuyasebenza” yini ukusinda nokukhula (ubude nesisindo). Umkhiqizi ubheka i-biomass yokugcina (abasindile × isisindo endaweni yeyunithi), ngakho noma yikuphi okuphakelayo lokho ayinikezi ukukhula okungcono kakhulu Kuzoba nzima ukuthi ichume emakethe, noma ishibhile.
Ngokuhambisanayo, kunezimpawu eziyisixwayiso kwezinye izindawo zokudoba zasendaweni (isb. i-grouper ne-octopus e-Yucatan), eziqhuba intshisekelo zalanisa ekuthunjweni nokuvala imijikelezo. Ukudla okunomsoco kuyingxenye ebalulekile ye-puzzle ukuze uzuze lokhu ngaphandle kokuyekethisa Ukusebenza komnotho.
Amaprotheni: ukwakheka, ukuhlukaniswa kanye nama-non-protein compounds
Kuhle ukukhumbula ukuthi amaprotheni awafani: akhona i-fibrous (i-collagen, i-elastin, i-keratin), i-globular (ama-enzyme, amahomoni, ama-albhamuin, ama-globulins, ama-histones) kanye kuhlanganiswe (ama-phosphoprotein, ama-glycoprotein, ama-lipoprotein, ama-chromoprotein, ama-nucleoprotein). Lawa ma-nuances anquma awo ukuncibilika kanye nokugaya, ngakho-ke ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekudleni.
Izinhlanganisela ze-nitrogen nazo zitholakala kuma-amino acid. okungewona amaprotheni okubalulekile: ama-purines nama-pyrimidine (DNA/RNA), i-creatine (indawo yokugcina amandla), usawoti we-bile, amahomoni e-thyroid nama-catecholamines, i-histamine, i-serotonin, i-porphyrins (i-hemoglobin) noma i-niacin, phakathi kwabanye. Ukudla kusiza isilwane hlanganisa noma wamukele Lezi zakhi ngenani elilungile nesikhathi.
Akumele silahlekelwe umbono we ukungqubuzana phakathi kwama-amino acid (isb. i-leucine/isoleucine) kanye nobuthi obungaba khona bama-amino acid athile atholakala kusetshenzwe (okufana ne-lysinoalanine kubhontshisi wesoya one-alkali) noma ikhona kwezinye izidumba (i-mimosine ku-Leucaena, i-L-DOPA ku-Vicia faba). Ngakho-ke ukukhethwa nokucubungula kwezinto zokusetshenziswa okunqumayo.
Ukuhlola ikhwalithi yamaprotheni nokusebenza kokuphakelayo, ngale kwezinga elithile lokukhula, izinkomba ezifana ne- factor de conversión, lo ukusebenza kahle kokuphakelayo, lo amaprotheni ukusebenza kahle isilinganiso futhi i ukusetshenziswa kwamaprotheni. Ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo (amanzi acacile noma amasistimu anamandla), le mingcele inikeza ukuqhathanisa okuthembekile phakathi ukwakheka.
Ukondliwa kwe-aquaculture namuhla kuyinkambu esetshenziswayo nenamandla: kusukela ekushintsheni ufulawa wasolwandle namafutha ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukusebenza, kuya ekwandiseni ukugayeka kokudla ama-enzyme kanye ne-biotechnology, ngokunakekelwa kwempilo yamathumbu kanye nokuzivumelanisa ne-RAS. Ngolwazi lwesikhathi sangempela lwesithako, ukwakhiwa ngamandla e-net, nokuqapha kwe-antinutrient, kungenzeka ukuklama ukudla okuphelele ezinakekela isilwane, iphakethe kanye nendawo ezungezile.
