Indlela iphunga lamanzi elikushintsha ngayo ukuziphatha kwe-cowfish: umthelela ekusindeni kwayo, ukuphakela, kanye nokuqaphela izilwane ezizingelayo

Indlela iphunga lamanzi elikushintsha ngayo ukuziphatha kwe-cowfish: umthelela ekusindeni kwayo, ukuphakela, kanye nokuqaphela izilwane ezizingelayo

ULwandle iMedithera lwakha indawo yasolwandle ecebile futhi eshintshayo, lapho Izinhlanzi zincike ngokuphelele ekhonweni lazo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezinhlobonhlobo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zendawo ehlala kuyo. Kulesi simo esiyinkimbinkimbi, i- impendulo yezinhlanzi ekushintsheni kwephunga lamanzi ivela njengesinye sezihluthulelo zokusinda kwayo. Izinguquko ezibangelwa izici zemvelo ezinjengokungcola, ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa, ukuba khona kwamakhemikhali amasha, noma izinto ezenziwa abantu ngokwazo zingathonya kakhulu ukuziphatha kwezinhlobo zezilwane, ikhono lazo lokugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye futhi lithole ukudla, kanye namasu azo okuzala nawomphakathi.

Esinye sezibonelo ezibonisa kakhulu zalezi zinqubo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo yi- i-thrushfish (i-Symphodus ocellatus)Lolu hlobo, luningi kakhulu ogwini lwaseMedithera, luyakwazi Thola ubungozi namathuba ngokusebenzisa umuzwa wabo wokuhogela othuthukile. Nokho, ukuwohloka okwandayo kwezinga lamanzi nokuguqulwa kwamakhemikhali awo kubangela izinselele ezintsha ekuphileni kwalezi zinhlanzi. Ukuqonda ukuthi kanjani Iphunga lamanzi lithinta ukuziphatha, ukuphakela, kanye namasu okuzivikela. of thrushes akusivumeli nje kuphela ukuthi siqonde kangcono isayensi yezinto eziphilayo, kodwa futhi silindele imiphumela umsebenzi womuntu kanye noshintsho lwendawo engaba nayo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.

Izici zezinto eziphilayo, indawo yokuhlala kanye nokuziphatha okuvamile kwe-cowfish

El i-thrushfish (i-Symphodus ocellatus) Imele enye yezinhlobo eziwuphawu kakhulu zasogwini lwaseMedithera. Ingafinyelela ku-45 amasentimitha ubude Lapho isikhulile, igqama ngomzimba wayo oqinile futhi omude, umhlathi ogqamile onezindebe eziyinyama kanye nesikhumba esinombala osukela koluhlaza kuya kokunsundu, esinamachashaza aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nabomvu. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwamathoni kunomthelela kuyo ikhono elimangalisayo lokufihla ezimfundeni ze I-Posidonia oceanica, ukhula lwasolwandle kanye namatshe axubile noma phansi kwesihlabathi.

El indawo yokuhlala I-thrush ihlobene eduze nokuba khona kwe i-complex and biodiverse ecosystems, njengemibhede yotshani basolwandle kanye nezindawo ezisogwini ezinamatshe. Kulezi zindawo, izinhlanzi zithola isivikelo, ukudla nendawo ekahle yokuzalela. ukuzalaKuyinto engavamile ukuzibona zihamba eduze komhlaba noma phakathi kwezihlahlana zokhula lwasolwandle, lapho uhlaza luvikela khona izilwane ezizidlayo.

Isici sebhayoloji salolu hlobo yi i-hermaphroditism elandelanayoAbesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili lapho beneminyaka emibili ubudala, futhi ngokuvamile ingxenye yeqembu labesifazane ishintsha ibe abesilisa eminyakeni yakamuva. Umjikelezo wokuzala ugxila ezinyangeni ezifudumele, amaqanda abekwe emadwaleni noma ulwelwe olunabantu abaningi, lapho abesilisa Babuka ngokucophelela, nakuba bengakhi izidleke noma bafake umoya-mpilo emanzini abekayo..

Ezingeni lokuziphatha, i I-Thrush inhlanzi esebenzayo futhi eqaphile. Ivamise ukukhombisa ukunyakaza okungazelelwe kanye nokubhukuda okusheshayo lapho ithola ukudla noma izinsongo ngephunga, okukhombisa ukubaluleka kwephunga njenge uhlelo lokuxwayisa lwakuqalaLeli khono libalulekile ezindaweni ezinezilwane ezidla ezinye noma ezindaweni lapho ukuncintisana kokudla kushubile.

Inzwa yokuhogela ku-cowfish: I-Anatomy kanye nomsebenzi obalulekile

Kude nezinganekwane zasendulo, izinhlanzi zinikeza a uhlelo lokuhogela oluyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, evame ukuqhathaniswa nekhono lokubandlulula ngephunga nelezinhlobo eziningi zasemhlabeni. Endabeni ye-cowfish, lo mqondo ubalulekile emisebenzini efana Ukufuna ukudla, ukuhlonza izici ezithile, ukukhetha umlingani ozalayo, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuthola izilwane ezidla ezinye. Ukuze ujule ngokuthi iphunga lamanzi likuthinta kanjani ukuziphatha kwe-cowfish, ku lesi sixhumanisi kuhlaziywa izici ezihlobene nokuvumelana nezinzwa.

El uhlelo lokuhogela Iqukethe izinzwa zangaphakathi ezifakwe ama-chemoreceptors, akhethekile ekuthumbeni ama-molecule amakhemikhali ancibilike emanzini. Lezi zinhlayiya zingaba zemvelo—zivela ezitshalweni zasemanzini, ezinye izinhlanzi, noma izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo—noma zenziwe ukungcola nama-ejenti angaphandle. Izinhlanzi zicubungula lolu lwazi lwamakhemikhali ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezivumela ukuba Bona izimpawu zengozi, umumo nezinsiza endaweni.

Imisebenzi ebalulekile yephunga ku-cowfish ingafingqwa ngamabili:

• Ukutholwa kosongo kusenesikhathi: Umbono wezingxube ezihlobene nezilwane ezizingelayo ziyabangela indiza noma izimpendulo zokuvikela, isebenze isimiso sezinzwa ukuze sibangele ukusabela okusheshayo nokuhlelekile.
• Ukuthola ukudla kanye nokuqashelwa kwemininingwane: Iphunga elivela kumisoco, uhlaza lwasemanzini, noma abantu bohlobo olufanayo lukhuthaza ukuziphatha kokuhlola, ukuhlalisana, noma ukudla.

Ngokukhula kokungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emanzini kuyashintsha, okuthinta imigudu yokuxhumana enuka kamnandi futhi kuphazamise lezi zinqubo ezibalulekile ukuze kuphile i-cowfish nezinye izinhlobo ezithembele ephunga. Ukuguqulwa kwezimpawu zamakhemikhali kungaholela ekuphazamisekeni kwengqondo, ekuhlulekeni kokubona izinsongo, noma kube nzima ukuthola abangane bomshado nokudla.

Ucwaningo lwesayensi nezindlela zokufunda ukuziphatha okuhogela

Ucwaningo ku Indlela iphunga lamanzi elithinta ngayo ukuziphatha kwe-thrush Baye bathola ukusekelwa izikhungo zesayensi ezifana I-Balearic Oceanographic Center ye-Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), the I-Marine Research and Aquaculture Laboratory (LIMIA) futhi i I-Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB IMEDEA)Lezi zifundo zibe yingqalabutho ekuklameni ukuhlola ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo okuvumela ukubheka ukusabela kwe-thrush ezinhlobonhlobo zokuhogela, kusetshenziswa amasistimu wokukhetha ukugeleza okuthuthukile.

Inqubo yokuhlola ihilela ithangi eliklanywe ngokukhethekile eligcina imizimba emibili noma ngaphezulu ehlukene yamanzi, ngayinye enokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuhlukile, ngaphandle kokuxubana. Lokhu kuvumela izinhlanzi ukuba ukubhukuda phakathi kwamakamelo bese ukhetha indawo ekhanga kakhulu, evumela ososayensi rekhoda okuthandayo nokuziphatha ngokusebenzisa okuqoshiwe kwevidiyo kanye nesofthiwe ekhethekile.

Phakathi nalezi zifundo, ama-cowbird ayevezwa ngawodwana izinhlobo ezinhlanu zemithombo yamanzi:

• Amanzi: ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi i-flavour eyengeziwe (isisekelo sokuqhathanisa).
• Amanzi anephunga elimnandi: ukulingisa izinsongo nokucupha impendulo yendiza.
• Amanzi anephunga le I-Posidonia oceanica: isici solwandle lweMedithera kanye nesici esibalulekile sendawo yemvelo ye-thrush.
• Amanzi anephunga le-algae: emele enye ingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo yasolwandle.
• Amanzi anephunga labantu bohlobo olufanayo: ukuhlaziya impendulo yokuba khona kwe-conspecifics.

Indlela yokwenza yayihlanganisa le Ukubamba iqhaza kwezifanekiso ezihlukene ezingama-30 ngephunga ngalinyeNgemva kokubanjwa ngokucophelela endle, izinhlanzi zazijwayelaniswa namahora angu-24 ukuze zinciphise ukucindezeleka ngaphambi kokuqhubeka nokuhlola, ngemva kwalokho zabuyiselwa olwandle. Le ndlela yokuziphatha iqinisekisa ubuqotho bomuntu ngamunye kanye nokwethembeka kwemiphumela, igwema ukufunda okuzenzela noma ukungazweli esihlokweni esivezwayo.

Uhlelo lokuqopha lwekhompiyutha lwenza kwaba nokwenzeka ukukala hhayi kuphela inani lesikhathi izinhlanzi ezisele endaweni ngayinye, kodwa neziguquguqukayo ezifana isivinini sokubhukuda kanye nemvamisa yokunyakaza okungazelelweLe mingcele ibonakale ibalulekile ekuqondeni inkimbinkimbi yokuziphatha kwezilwane ekuphenduleni ulwazi lwamakhemikhali oluvela endaweni.

Imiphumela esemqoka: Ithonya lephunga lamanzi ekuziphatheni kwe-cowfish

Imiphumela etholiwe iveza ukuthi Ukuziphatha kwe-cowfish kuzwela kakhulu ekushintsheni kwamakhemikhali emanzini. Nakuba izibonelo zentsha zingazange zibonise ukukhetha okucacile kwesikhathi esichithwa endaweni ethile yamanzi, ukuhlaziya ngokucophelela iphethini yokubhukuda kanye nenani lokunyakaza okujeqeza Yebo, ibonise umehluko ophawulekayo kuye ngephunga elikhona.

Emanzini anuka iphunga lesilwane esizingelayo noma ukudla, inhlanzi kwandisa kokubili isivinini kanye nokunyakaza okungazelelweLokhu kuziphatha kuhunyushwa njengokuvezwa kwezindlela zokuxwayisa nezivikelo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo—ukusabela okusheshayo okungenza kube lula ukuphunyuka noma ukuhlola ngokushesha izinsiza zokudla. Ngokuphambene, lapho uthola iphunga lamanye ama-thrushes, izinhlanzi Zibhukuda kancane futhi azinyakazi kungazelelwe, okuphakamisa umuzwa wokuzola nokubumbana komphakathi.

Kwaphinde kwaphawulwa ukuthi iphunga isici endaweni, ezifana I-Posidonia oceanica kanye ne-algae, yenza a ukuziphatha kokuhlola okusebenzayo, okungenzeka ukuthi ihlobene nokudla kanye nokuhlonza izindawo zokukhosela ngaphakathi kwalezo zinhlelo zezitshalo.

Ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwalokhu kuziphatha, okwenziwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe, kubonisa ukuthi izinhlanzi zinamandla ahumushe futhi aphendule ngokukhetha ulwazi lwamakhemikhali, okuqinisa umqondo wokuthi ukusinda olwandle kuncike, ngokwezinga elikhulu, kukhwalithi yezinzwa kanye nepulasitiki yokuziphatha lapho ubhekene nezinguquko zemvelo.

Ezifundweni ezedlule, ikakhulukazi ngezinhlobo ezishisayo, ukubaluleka okukhulu kwakunikezwe isikhathi esichithwa emanzini ngamunye. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela nge-cowfish iqinisekisa ukuthi kubalulekile ukugcwalisa le datha ngokubheka umsebenzi kanye nohlobo lokunyakaza, njengoba izimpendulo ezembula kakhulu zingatholakala endleleni izinhlanzi ezihamba ngayo futhi zisabele ezimweni ezihlukahlukene zamakhemikhali, futhi hhayi nje ngokuhlala i-static kwenye yazo.

Imithelela yezemvelo nemvelo: indima yephunga ekusindeni kwe-thrush

Ucwaningo ku Umthelela wephunga lamanzi ku-ecology ye-thrushfish zibaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni imvelo yasolwandle. Inzwa yokuhogela isebenza njenge ibhuloho lezinzwa phakathi kwesilwane nendawo yaso, okuthinta ikhono laso lokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ukusabela kwaso ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, kanye nempumelelo yaso yokuzala. Izinguquko kumakhemikhali wamanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yokungcola noma izinguquko zemvelo, zingaphazamisa lokhu kuxhumana, kudalule imiphakathi de peces engcupheni enkulu yokudlwengulwa, ukudideka, kanye nokuhlukaniswa nomphakathi noma ukuzala.

Iqiniso lokuthi Izinhlanzi ze-juvenile thrush zamukela usongo futhi ungawaxwayi amanzi anephunga lezilwane ezidla ezinye aphakamisa imibono ethakazelisayo mayelana nokukhula kokwesaba nokugwema ezigabeni ezihlukahlukene zokuphila, kanye nokwehluka phakathi kwezinhlobo zezilwane. Lokhu kubekezelelana kungase kube umphumela a ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuthi, ezimweni ezithile, ibeke kuqala ukuhlolwa kwendawo ezungezile noma ukufinyelela ezinsizeni ngaphezu kokwesaba ukudlwengulwa.

La Ukungcoliswa kolwandle, enekhono layo lokushintsha izimpawu zokuhogela, imelela usongo oluthulile kodwa oluyisisekelo ezilwaneni ezithembele ephunga. Amakhemikhali akhiqizwa udoti wezimboni, amapulasitiki, amafutha, noma ukuguqula izakhi lungisa izindlela zamakhemikhali zolwazi, okufaka engozini ukukhonjwa kwezingozi nempumelelo ekufuneni ukudla noma umngane womshado.

Izindlela ezintsha nezinselelo ocwaningweni lwezinhlanzi kanye nemvelo yasolwandle

Imigqa yocwaningo yavulwa ngemuva kokuhlaziywa kwe ukuziphatha okunuka kwe-cowfish Bagcizelela isidingo sokujula ku:

• Inhlanganisela yemingcele yokuziphatha: Hlaziya isivinini, imvamisa kanye nohlobo lokunyakaza, kanye nesikhathi esichithiwe, ukuze uthole iphrofayela ephelele yokuziphatha.
• Umthelela wokungcola kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi: Ukuhlola umthelela wamakhemikhali asafufusa ekhonweni lezinzwa zezinhlanzi kanye nempilo iyonke.
• I-Interspecific diversity kanye nokufunda kokuziphatha: Hlola ukuthi izinhlobo neminyaka ehlukene kangakanani de peces ukuthuthukisa izimpendulo zokuhogela, kanye nendima yokufunda nolwazi lwangaphambilini.
• Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha: Faka ukurekhodwa kwesivinini esiphezulu nesofthiwe ethuthukisiwe yokuqapha nokuhlaziya ukuziphatha ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo nezokuhlola.

Ucwaningo oludidiyelwe oluhlanganisa i-biology, i-chemical ecology kanye nobuchwepheshe obuphambili lubalulekile ku ikusasa lokongiwa kwasolwandle eMedithera nakwezinye izindawo zasemanzini emhlabeni jikelele. Yonke intuthuko ekuqondeni kwethu amakhemikhali asemanzini kanye nomuzwa wokuhogela wezilwane kunomthelela ekuvikeleni ukunotha nokuba yinkimbinkimbi kokuphila ngaphansi kwamanzi.

Ukuqonda ithonya lephunga lamanzi ekuziphatheni kwe-cowfish kusivumela ukuba sibone ngeso lengqondo ukuthembela okubucayi phakathi kwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle kanye namakhemikhali emvelo. Ikhono lalezi zinhlanzi ukuze ukuzivumelanisa nezinselele zezinzwa futhi ukusinda ezindaweni eziguqukayo ngokwandayo kukhombisa ukuziphendukela kwemvelo okuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa futhi nobuthaka obukhulayo lapho ubhekene nemithelela yabantu. Ukuvikela ibhalansi yamakhemikhali olwandle kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ikusasa lezinhlobo ezinjenge-thrush nazo zonke izilwane zasemanzini zaseMedithera.