Indlela iphunga lamanzi elikushintsha ngayo ukuziphatha kwe-cowfish: umthelela ekusindeni kwayo, ukuphakela, kanye nokuqaphela izilwane ezizingelayo

Indlela iphunga lamanzi elikushintsha ngayo ukuziphatha kwe-cowfish: umthelela ekusindeni kwayo, ukuphakela, kanye nokuqaphela izilwane ezizingelayo

ULwandle iMedithera luyindawo yasolwandle ecebile futhi eshintsha njalo lapho izinhlanzi zithembele ngokuphelele ekhonweni lazo lokuzivumelanisa nezimo zamakhemikhali nezomzimba zendawo yazo yokuhlala. Kulesi simo esiyinkimbinkimbi, impendulo yezinhlanzi ezinguqukweni zephunga lamanzi ivela njengesihluthulelo sokusinda kwazo. Izinguquko ezibangelwa yizici zemvelo ezifana nokungcola, izinguquko zokushisa, ukuba khona kwezinto ezintsha zamakhemikhali, noma imisebenzi yabantu kungathinta kakhulu ukuziphatha kwezinhlobo , ikhono lazo lokugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye nokuthola ukudla, kanye namasu azo okuzala nawomphakathi.

Esinye sezibonelo ezibonisa kakhulu lezi zinqubo zokuzivumelanisa nezimo yi- common wrasse (Symphodus ocellatus) . Lolu hlobo, olutholakala kakhulu ogwini lwaseMedithera, luyakwazi ukubona izingozi namathuba ngokusebenzisa umuzwa walo wokuhogela othuthuke kakhulu . Kodwa-ke, ukuwohloka okwandayo kwekhwalithi yamanzi kanye nokuguqulwa kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali awo kuletha izinselele ezintsha ekusindeni kwalezi zinhlanzi. Ukuqonda ukuthi iphunga lamanzi lithinta kanjani ukuziphatha, ukudla, kanye namasu okuzivikela e-common wrasses akusivumeli nje kuphela ukuthi siqonde kangcono i-biology yalolu hlobo kodwa futhi nokubikezela imiphumela engaba nayo imisebenzi yabantu kanye noshintsho lwemvelo emvelweni ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle.

Izici zezinto eziphilayo, indawo yokuhlala kanye nokuziphatha okuvamile kwe-cowfish

I -common wrasse (Symphodus ocellatus) ingenye yezinhlobo ezidumile kakhulu zasogwini lwaseMedithera. Ingafinyelela kumasentimitha angu-45 ubude uma isikhulile, ihlukaniswa ngomzimba wayo oqinile, omude, umhlathi ovelele onezindebe ezinde, kanye nesikhumba esinombala ohlukahlukene kusukela koluhlaza kuya konsundu, esinamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nabomvu. Lokhu kuhlukahluka kwemibala kunegalelo ekhonweni layo elimangalisayo lokuzifihla emadlelweni otshani basolwandle iPosidonia oceanica , ulwelwe lwasolwandle, kanye namatshe axubile noma phansi kwesihlabathi.

Indawo yokuhlala ye- wrasse ihlobene kakhulu nokuba khona kwezindawo zemvelo eziyinkimbinkimbi nezihlukahlukene , njengezindawo zotshani basolwandle kanye nezindawo ezisogwini ezinamadwala. Kulezi zindawo, izinhlanzi zithola isivikelo, ukudla, kanye nendawo efanele yokuzala . Akuvamile ukuzibona zihamba eduze kobuso noma phakathi kwamahlathi e-kelp, lapho izitshalo zivikela khona izilwane ezidla ezinye.

Isici esiyingqayizivele sebhayoloji salolu hlobo yi- hermaphroditism elandelanayo . Abesifazane bafinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokobulili cishe eminyakeni emibili ubudala, futhi ngokuvamile abanye beqembu labesifazane baguquka babe ngabesilisa eminyakeni elandelayo. Umjikelezo wokuzala ugxile ezinyangeni ezifudumele, lapho amaqanda ebekwa emadwaleni noma e-algae enabantu abaningi, lapho abesilisa beqapha ngokucophelela amaqanda, yize bengakhi izidleke noma bafake umoya-mpilo emanzini azalelayo.

Ngokwendlela yokuziphatha, i- wrasse iyinhlanzi esebenzayo neqaphile . Ivame ukubonisa ukunyakaza okungazelelwe kanye nokubhukuda okusheshayo lapho ibona ukudla noma usongo ngephunga, okugqamisa ukubaluleka kokuzwa kwayo iphunga njengohlelo lokuxwayisa kwasekuqaleni . Leli khono libalulekile ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi abadla ezinye izilwane noma ezindaweni lapho ukuncintisana kokudla kukhulu khona.

Inzwa yokuhogela ku-cowfish: I-Anatomy kanye nomsebenzi obalulekile

Ngokuphambene nezinganekwane zakudala, izinhlanzi zinesimiso sokunuka esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu , esivame ukufana nekhono laso lokuhlukanisa iphunga nelezinhlobo eziningi zasemhlabeni. Endabeni ye-wrasse, lo mqondo ubalulekile emisebenzini efana nokufuna ukudla, ukuhlonza amalungu ezinhlobo zayo, ukukhetha umngane, futhi, ngaphezu kwakho konke, ukuthola izilwane ezidla ezinye . Ukuze sihlolisise ngokujulile ukuthi iphunga lamanzi lithinta kanjani ukuziphatha kwe-wrasse, lesi sixhumanisi sihlaziya izici ezihlobene nokuzivumelanisa kwazo nezinzwa.

Uhlelo lwephunga luqukethe izitho zangaphakathi zezinzwa ezihlonyiswe ngama-chemoreceptor, akhethekile ekutholeni ama-molecule amakhemikhali ancibilikiswe emanzini. Lawa ma-molecule angaba emvelo—avela ezitshalweni zasemanzini, kwezinye izinhlanzi, noma izinto eziphilayo ezibolayo—noma akhiqizwe ukungcola kanye nezinto zangaphandle. Izinhlanzi zicubungula lolu lwazi lwamakhemikhali ngezindlela eziyinkimbinkimbi, ezizivumela ukuthi zibone izimpawu zengozi, ukuqondiswa, kanye nezinsiza endaweni yazo.

Imisebenzi ebalulekile yephunga ku-cowfish ingafingqwa ngamabili:

• Ukutholwa kosongo kusenesikhathi: Umbono wezingxube ezihlobene nezilwane ezizingelayo ziyabangela indiza noma izimpendulo zokuvikela, isebenze isimiso sezinzwa ukuze sibangele ukusabela okusheshayo nokuhlelekile.
• Ukuthola ukudla kanye nokuqashelwa kwemininingwane: Iphunga elivela kumisoco, uhlaza lwasemanzini, noma abantu bohlobo olufanayo lukhuthaza ukuziphatha kokuhlola, ukuhlalisana, noma ukudla.

Ngokukhula kokungcoliswa kwamanzi olwandle, ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali emanzini kuyashintsha, okuthinta imigudu yokuxhumana enuka kamnandi futhi kuphazamise lezi zinqubo ezibalulekile ukuze kuphile i-cowfish nezinye izinhlobo ezithembele ephunga. Ukuguqulwa kwezimpawu zamakhemikhali kungaholela ekuphazamisekeni kwengqondo, ekuhlulekeni kokubona izinsongo, noma kube nzima ukuthola abangane bomshado nokudla.

Ucwaningo lwesayensi nezindlela zokufunda ukuziphatha okuhogela

Ucwaningo lokuthi iphunga lamanzi lithinta kanjani ukuziphatha kwe-wrasse luqhutshwe yizikhungo zesayensi ezifana ne- Balearic Oceanographic Center ye-Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) , i- Marine Research and Aquaculture Laboratory (LIMIA) , kanye ne- Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (CSIC-UIB IMEDEA) . Lezi zifundo bezilokhu ziphayona ekuklameni izivivinyo ngaphansi kwezimo ezilawulwayo ezivumela abacwaningi ukuthi babone impendulo ye-wrasse ezicini ezahlukene zokuhogela, besebenzisa izinhlelo zokukhetha ukugeleza ezithuthukisiwe.

Inqubo yokuhlola ihilela ithangi eliklanywe ngokukhethekile eligcina imizimba emibili noma ngaphezulu yamanzi ehlukene, ngayinye inokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuhlukile, ngaphandle kokuxubana. Lokhu kuvumela inhlanzi ukuthi ibhukude phakathi kwezingxenye futhi ikhethe indawo eyithola ikhanga kakhulu, okwenza ososayensi bakwazi ukuqopha okuthandayo kanye nokuziphatha kwayo besebenzisa ukuqoshwa kwamavidiyo kanye nesofthiwe ekhethekile.

Phakathi nalezi zifundo, ama-thrushes abonakala ngazinye ezinhlotsheni ezinhlanu zezindawo zamanzi :

• Amanzi: ngaphandle kwanoma iyiphi i-flavour eyengeziwe (isisekelo sokuqhathanisa).
• Amanzi anephunga elimnandi: ukulingisa izinsongo nokucupha impendulo yendiza.
• Amanzi anephunga le I-Posidonia oceanica: isici solwandle lweMedithera kanye nesici esibalulekile sendawo yemvelo ye-thrush.
• Amanzi anephunga le-algae: emele enye ingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo yasolwandle.
• Amanzi anephunga labantu bohlobo olufanayo: ukuhlaziya impendulo yokuba khona kwe-conspecifics.

Indlela yayihilela ukuhlanganyela kwezinhlobo ezingu-30 ezahlukene ngephunga ngalinye . Ngemva kokubanjwa ngokucophelela endaweni yazo yemvelo, izinhlanzi zajwayelana namahora angu-24 ukuze kuncishiswe ukucindezeleka ngaphambi kokuhlolwa, ngemva kwalokho zakhululwa zabuyela olwandle. Le ndlela yokuziphatha iqinisekisa ubuqotho babantu ngabanye kanye nokuthembeka kwemiphumela, igwema ukufunda okwenziwayo noma ukungazweli ezintweni ezivezwayo.

Uhlelo lokuqopha lwekhompyutha lwenze kwaba nokwenzeka ukukala hhayi nje isikhathi izinhlanzi ezisichitha endaweni ngayinye, kodwa futhi nezimo eziguquguqukayo ezifana nesivinini sokubhukuda kanye nokuvama kokunyakaza okungazelelwe . Lezi zindlela ziye zabonakala ziyisisekelo ekuqondeni ubunzima bokuziphatha kwezilwane ngokuphendula ulwazi lwamakhemikhali oluvela endaweni ezungezile.

Imiphumela esemqoka: Ithonya lephunga lamanzi ekuziphatheni kwe-cowfish

Imiphumela etholakele yembula ukuthi ukuziphatha kwe-wrasse kuzwela kakhulu ezinguqukweni zamakhemikhali amanzi . Nakuba amasampula amancane engabonisanga ukukhetha okucacile mayelana nesikhathi esichithwa emanzini athile, ukuhlolwa okuseduze kwendlela yawo yokubhukuda kanye nenani lokunyakaza okungazelelwe kwembule umehluko ophawulekayo kuye ngephunga elikhona.

Emanzini anephunga lezilwane ezidla ezinye noma ukudla, izinhlanzi zandisa ijubane lazo kanye nokunyakaza kwazo okungazelelwe . Lokhu kuziphatha kuchazwa njengokubonakaliswa kokuqaphela kokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezindlela zokuzivikela—ukusabela okusheshayo okungasiza ekubalekeni noma ekuhloleni okusheshayo kwezinsiza zokudla. Ngokuphambene nalokho, lapho ithola iphunga lezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye, izinhlanzi zabhukuda kancane futhi zabonisa ukunyakaza okuncane okungazelelwe , okubonisa umuzwa wokuthula kanye nokubumbana komphakathi.

Kwaphawulwa nokuthi iphunga elibonakalayo lezindawo zokuhlala, njenge- Posidonia oceanica kanye ne-algae, libangela ukuziphatha okusebenzayo kokuhlola , okungenzeka kuhlobene nokufuna ukudla kanye nokuhlonza izindawo zokukhosela ngaphakathi kwalezo zinhlelo zezitshalo.

Ukuhlaziywa okuphelele kwalezi zindlela zokuziphatha, okwenziwa kusetshenziswa isofthiwe, kubonisa ukuthi izinhlanzi zinekhono lokuhumusha nokuphendula ngokukhetha ulwazi lwamakhemikhali , okuqinisa umqondo wokuthi ukusinda olwandle kuncike, ngezinga elikhulu, kukhwalithi yezinzwa kanye nokuguquguquka kokuziphatha lapho kubhekene nezinguquko zemvelo.

Izifundo zangaphambilini, ikakhulukazi lezo eziphathelene nezinhlobo zasezindaweni ezishisayo, zazigxile kakhulu esikhathini sokuhlala emanzini ngamunye. Kodwa-ke, imiphumela nge-wrasse iqinisekisa ukuthi kubalulekile ukugcwalisa lolu lwazi ngokubona imisebenzi kanye namaphethini okunyakaza , njengoba izimpendulo eziveza kakhulu zingatholakala endleleni izinhlanzi ezihamba futhi zisabela ngayo ezindaweni ezahlukene zamakhemikhali, hhayi nje kuphela lapho zikhona endaweni eyodwa.

Imithelela yezemvelo nemvelo: indima yephunga ekusindeni kwe-thrush

Ucwaningo ku Umthelela wephunga lamanzi ku-ecology ye-thrushfish zibaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni imvelo yasolwandle. Inzwa yokuhogela isebenza njenge ibhuloho lezinzwa phakathi kwesilwane nendawo yaso, okuthinta ikhono laso lokuzivumelanisa nezimo, ukusabela kwaso ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye, kanye nempumelelo yaso yokuzala. Izinguquko kumakhemikhali wamanzi, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yokungcola noma izinguquko zemvelo, zingaphazamisa lokhu kuxhumana, kudalule imiphakathi de peces engcupheni enkulu yokudlwengulwa, ukudideka, kanye nokuhlukaniswa nomphakathi noma ukuzala.

Iqiniso lokuthi ama-wrasse amancane ayamukela usongo futhi awawagwemi amanzi anuka izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane liphakamisa imibono ethakazelisayo mayelana nokuthuthukiswa kokwesaba nokugwema ezigabeni ezahlukene zokuphila, kanye nomehluko phakathi kwezinhlobo. Lokhu kubekezelelana kungaba umphumela wokuzivumelanisa nezimo okuthi, kwezinye izimo, kubeke phambili ukuhlola imvelo noma ukufinyelela izinsiza kunokwesaba okusheshayo kokudliwa.

Ukungcola kolwandle , kanye nekhono lako lokushintsha izimpawu zokuhogela, kumelela usongo oluthule kodwa oluyisisekelo ezinhlotsheni ezincike emuzweni wazo wokuhogela. Izinto zamakhemikhali ezikhiqizwa yimfucuza yezimboni, amapulasitiki, uphethiloli, noma ukungalingani kwezakhamzimba zingaphazamisa izindlela zolwazi lwamakhemikhali , zibeke engcupheni ukuhlonza izingozi kanye nempumelelo yokuthola ukudla noma abangane.

Izindlela ezintsha nezinselelo ocwaningweni lwezinhlanzi kanye nemvelo yasolwandle

Imigqa yocwaningo yavuleka ngemva kokuhlaziywa kokuziphatha kwe-wrasse okunukayo igcizelela isidingo sokuphenya ngokujulile:

• Inhlanganisela yemingcele yokuziphatha: Hlaziya isivinini, imvamisa kanye nohlobo lokunyakaza, kanye nesikhathi esichithiwe, ukuze uthole iphrofayela ephelele yokuziphatha.
• Umthelela wokungcola kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi: Ukuhlola umthelela wamakhemikhali asafufusa ekhonweni lezinzwa zezinhlanzi kanye nempilo iyonke.
• I-Interspecific diversity kanye nokufunda kokuziphatha: Hlola ukuthi izinhlobo neminyaka ehlukene kangakanani de peces ukuthuthukisa izimpendulo zokuhogela, kanye nendima yokufunda nolwazi lwangaphambilini.
• Ukusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe obusha: Faka ukurekhodwa kwesivinini esiphezulu nesofthiwe ethuthukisiwe yokuqapha nokuhlaziya ukuziphatha ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo nezokuhlola.

Ucwaningo oluhlanganisa izinto eziphilayo, isayensi yezinto eziphilayo zamakhemikhali, kanye nobuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe lubalulekile ekusaseni lokulondolozwa kolwandle eMedithera nakwezinye izindawo zasemanzini emhlabeni jikelele. Yonke intuthuko ekuqondeni ikhemikhali yasemanzini kanye nokunuka kwezilwane kunegalelo ekuvikeleni ukuceba kanye nobunzima bezinto eziphilayo ezingaphansi kwamanzi.

Ukuqonda ithonya lephunga lamanzi ekuziphatheni kwe-wrasse kwembula ukuthembela okubucayi phakathi kokuhlukahluka kwezinto zasolwandle kanye ne-chemistry yemvelo. Amandla alezi zinhlanzi okuzivumelanisa nezinselele zemizwa nokusinda ezindaweni ezishintsha kakhulu abonisa ukuvela okuyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa futhi nobuthakathaka obukhulayo emiphumeleni yabantu. Ukuvikela ibhalansi yamakhemikhali olwandle kuyisihluthulelo sokuqinisekisa ikusasa lezinhlobo ezifana ne-wrasse nazo zonke izilwane zasemanzini zaseMedithera.