Imithethonqubo emisha mayelana Ukudoba i-tuna ye-Bluefin eSpain Lokhu kuphawula ukuguquka kwengxenye enkulu yemikhumbi esebenza empumalanga ye-Atlantic naseMedithera. Uhulumeni usebenzise amathuba okudoba andayo okuvunyelwene ngawo ngaphakathi kwe-International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tunas (ICCAT) ukuze aklame kabusha ukwabiwa kwangaphakathi kwezabelo, andise inani lemikhumbi egunyaziwe, futhi avumelanise ukuphathwa noMthetho Wocwaningo Lwezokudoba Nezokudoba Oluqhubekayo luka-2023.
Lesi sinyathelo simele ukwanda okukhulu kwenani lezinhlanzi ezitholakalayo, kodwa futhi sinyuse izinsolo engxenyeni yomkhakhaIkakhulukazi ekudobeni ngobuciko eCadiz kanye nemikhumbi yaseziqhingini zaseCanary, abakhononda ngokuthi, naphezu kokwanda kwenani lamanzi, ukungalingani komlando kuyaqhubeka kanye nokusatshalaliswa, ngokombono wabo, okuqhubeka kusekelwe cishe kuphela emalungelweni amadala hhayi ezindinganisweni zomphakathi, zemvelo noma zezindawo.
Isilinganiso serekhodi se-bluefin tuna yaseSpain kuze kube ngu-2028
UMkhandlu Wongqongqoshe uvumile ukuguqulwa kwesinqumo sasebukhosini esilawula Ukudoba i-tuna ye-Bluefin empumalanga ye-Atlantic naseMedithera (Isinqumo Sasebukhosini 46/2019, sangomhlaka-8 kuNhlolanja). Inhloso iwukuhlela umthethonqubo ukuze uvumelane “nezidingo ezintsha” zemikhumbi kanye nokwanda okukhulu kwesabelo esitholwe yiSpain eminyakeni ka-2026, 2027 kanye no-2028.
Phakathi nalezo zivivinyo ezintathu, iSpain izoba ne- isabelo sonyaka samathani angu-7.938,81 kwe-bluefin tuna. Lokhu kumelela ukwanda kwamathani ayi-1.155 uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi esidlule, okulingana nokwenyuka cishe ngo-17% ngaphezu komkhawulo wangaphambilini wamathani ayi-6.783. Lokhu kwenyuka kungenxa yezivumelwano ezifinyelelwe emhlanganweni wokugcina waminyaka yonke we-ICCAT owawuseSeville.
UMnyango Wezolimo, Ezokudoba kanye Nokudla uqobo ugcizelela ukuthi lokhu kwanda kuqinisekisa ukubuyiselwa kwesitokwe se-bluefin tuna Ngemva kweminyaka eminingi yemikhawulo enzima kanye nokuncishiswa, ingcebo ihlala inenani eliphezulu kwezomnotho futhi ifunwa kakhulu kokubili ezindaweni zokudlela ezinhle kanye nezindawo zokudlela ezivamile, okwenza ukubuyekezwa kokusatshalaliswa kwayo kwangaphakathi kube yinkinga ebucayi kakhulu.
Uhlaka olusha luhlose ukulungisa umthethonqubo ube yi- "Amathuba amakhulu okubanjwa"kodwa futhi nasesimweni esihlukile semvelo: izinguquko ezindaweni zemveloIzinguquko emaphethini okufuduka kanye nokuba khona okuvamile kwe-tuna ezindaweni lapho yayingabonakali khona ngaphambili yizici ochwepheshe ngokwabo abebezikhomba iminyaka eminingi.
Indlela isabelo esisha esatshalaliswa ngayo: isikhwama sokugcina kanye namabhulokhi amakhulu
Kuphelele Amathani angu-7.938,81 anikezwe iSpainU-3,2781% ubekelwe eceleni imali ebizwa ngokuthi i-reserve fund, elingana namathani angu-260,24. Lesi sivikelo sisetshenziselwa ukubhekana nezigameko, ukulungiswa kobuchwepheshe, noma izidingo ezingalindelekile ezivela ngesikhathi somkhankaso.
Ama-96,7219% asele, okungukuthi, Amathani we-7.678,56Isabelo sisatshalaliswa phakathi kwezinhlu ezahlukene kanye namaqembu emikhumbi. Ngaphakathi kwaleli volumu, kuvela amabhlogo amabili amakhulu: ngakolunye uhlangothi, izinhlu ezikhona, ngokomlando eziyingxenye yokudoba, kanti ngakolunye uhlangothi, amaqembu abizwa ngokuthi ama-ex novo, manje afakwa ekusatshalalisweni ngephesenti elincane.
I-Las uhlu lwendabuko Balawula ingxenye enkulu yengcebo: u-96,9535% wesabelo esisatshalaliswayo (amathani angu-7.444,64) wabelwa imikhumbi kanye nezicupho ze-tuna esezifakiwe emithethweni yangaphambilini. U-3,0465% osele (amathani angu-233,92) ugcinelwe amaqembu amasha, aqukethe ikakhulukazi ukudoba okungahleliwe kanye nemikhumbi exhunywe ezindinganisweni zomnotho wendawo.
Isimemezelo sasebukhosini sichaza ukuthi imikhumbi yokudoba bukhoma yaseCantabrian (Uhlu A) igxile kuphi Amathani we-6.521,16Cishe u-87,6% wamathani abekwe ohlwini olukhona abekelwe imikhumbi yaseCanary Islands, kuyilapho imikhumbi yaseCanary Islands ithola amathani angu-581,27 (cishe u-7,8%) kanti imikhumbi yobuciko yaseMedithera inamathani angu-287,18 (3,85%). Amathani angu-53,33 (0,7%) agcinelwe uhlu lokudoba olungavamile, imikhumbi yokunyathela imikhumbi kanye nemikhumbi yokudoba ende inamathani angu-12,44 (0,16%), kanti ukudoba ukuzithokozisa Inamathani angu-40,89 (0,5%).
Ukufakwa kwemikhumbi emisha engu-5.406 namaqembu angaphandle kwe-novo
Esinye sezici ezintsha ezinkulu zalo mthethonqubo ukwethulwa, okokuqala ngqa, kwe- Imikhumbi eyengeziwe engu-5.406 ekwabiweni kwe-bluefin tuna. Lezi zindiza zinokufinyelela okungaphezu nje kuka-3% wesabelo sonke saseSpain, ngaphakathi kwebhulokhi lamathani angu-233,92 agcinelwe amaqembu amasha.
Lesi sabelo esisha sihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amancane amane achazwe ngokucacile. ukudoba ngengozi oLwandle iCantabrian olusenyakatho-ntshonalanga Ihamba phambili, ngo-28,81% webhlokhi (amathani angu-67,40). Ilandelwa yisabelo esixhunywe ezindleleni zomnotho wendawo, esizuzisa imikhumbi ese-Algeciras, La Línea de la Concepción, Tarifa, Barbate naseConil, ngo-27,36% wenani eliphelele (amathani angu-64).
La ukubanjwa ngengozi eMedithera Ibalelwa ku-23,63% waleli bhulokhi (amathani angu-55,28), kanti ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi okungahleliwe eGulf of Cádiz kumelela u-20,20%, noma amathani angu-47,25. Kuzo zonke izimo, lokhu kubanjwa kwe-tuna ye-bluefin okungahleliwe okungenziwa yimikhumbi ezinikele kakhulu kwezinye izinhlobo.
UMnyango uphikisana ngokuthi ukufakwa kwalezi zindiza ezintsha kwakhiwa kufuna okuthile ukuqashelwa kwesisindo sezenhlalo nezomnotho Kwezinye izindawo ezisogwini, sekuvele kukhona iqiniso lemikhumbi, nakuba ingeyona ingxenye yokubalwa kwabantu kwe-bluefin tuna, evame ukuhlangana nalezi zinhlobo ngesikhathi sokusebenza kwayo kokudoba. Kodwa-ke, inani elithile elitholakalayo, ikakhulukazi eStrait of Gibraltar naseGulf of Cádiz, lidala impikiswano eshisayo esifundeni.
Ukuhlelwa kabusha kwemikhumbi yaseStrait kanye nokulingana kokuphatha
Olunye ushintsho olufanele yilolu ukuhlelwa kabusha kwemikhumbi ye-Strait kusukela eGibraltar. Kuze kube manje, imithetho ihlukanise phakathi kwezinhlu ezimbili eziyinhloko kule ndawo, i-H ne-B, ezinemibandela ehlukene maqondana nokufinyelela kuma-quota kanye nezikhathi zokudoba. Imithetho emisha isusa lesi sigaba futhi ihlanganisa yonke imikhumbi ngaphansi kwesigaba esisodwa sokuphatha.
Lokhu kulinganiswa kusho ukuthi yonke imikhumbi eStrait manje izoba ne- amalungelo afanayo asemthethweni Ngokuphathelene nokudoba i-tuna ye-bluefin, lokhu kuyinto imikhakha efana ne-Tarifa Fishermen's Association ebilokhu iyifuna iminyaka engamashumi amabili. Kusukela manje kuqhubeke, lezi zikebhe zizokwazi ukudoba unyaka wonke, kanti ngaphambili ingxenye enkulu yemikhumbi yayisebenza cishe izinyanga ezine ngonyaka.
Ngokusho kwedatha esemthethweni, umthetho omusha uzovumela ukuthunjwa kwento eyodwa I-tuna ye-bluefin eyengeziwe engu-17% ogwini lwaseCadizLokhu kwanda, okuzuzisa nezicupho ze-tuna zesifundazwe kanye nemikhumbi yezandla yaseStrait ese-Algeciras, eLa Línea, eTarifa naseBarbate, kwethulwa "njengomzila wokuphila" esimweni sobunzima ngenxa yokuncipha kwezinye izinhlobo.
Kodwa-ke, inani elibekelwe ukudoba okwenziwe ngezandla eStrait liyindaba ephikisanayo. Kuwo wonke amatani angaba ngu-8.000 ngonyaka kulo lonke elaseSpain, kuphela Amathani angu-64 azoya emikhunjini yobuciko yaseCadizImboni yokudoba inemikhumbi engaba ngu-200 lapho imindeni engaba ngu-700 ithembele khona. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kubanjwa kungaba ngengozi kuphela, hhayi okuqondiswe kukho, okuncisha kakhulu isikhala sazo sokuhamba. Lesi simo sithinta amachweba afana nalawa UConilI-Barbate, i-Tarifa, i-Algeciras noma i-La Línea, ngokwezikhalazo ezivela kubameleli bendawo ngokwabo.
Ukudoba ngobuciko eCádiz: ukugxekwa kokusatshalaliswa abakubheka “njengokungalungile”
Esifundazweni saseCádiz, amazwi amaningana ngaphakathi komkhakha aveze ukunganeliseki kwawo ngohlelo olusha. Inhlangano Yabakhiqizi Bokudoba Abasebenzisa Izinto Ezikhethekile (i-OPP72) kanye nabamele izinhlangano zabadobi bagcizelela ukuthi, naphezu kokuba ne- inani elikhulu kakhulu le-tuna ye-bluefin emlandweni waseSpain, okufinyelela ku- imikhumbi yobuciko yaseCádiz ngombono wakhe, iStrait ayanele ngokusobala.
UNicolás Fernández, unobhala weFishersmen's Guilds of Cádiz kanye nomphathi we-OPP72, ugcizelele ukuthi ukwanda kwezabelo “kube mnandi” futhi kungenxa yobuningi be-tuna, kodwa ugxeka ukuthi Ukhiye wokusabalalisa awukakabuyekezwa nhlobo. Ngokuphathelene nesibalo sika-2019, uyaqinisekisa ukuthi akukhona "ukuthatha labo asebenaso kakade," kodwa mayelana nokusebenzisa i-tonnage ekhuphukile ukunikeza usizo kulabo ababhekene nobunzima obukhulu.
Umkhakha wokudoba ngobuciko ubika ukuthi isimiso semvelo saseStrait “sishintshile ngokuphelele,” ngokuba khona okuhlala njalo kwe-bluefin tuna, ukwanda kwe-algae ehlaselayo, kanye ukwehla kwezinye izindawo zokudoba Izinhlobo zendabuko, njenge-scabbardfish, i-blackspot seabream, i-grouper, kanye ne-redfish. Ngaphambilini, baveza ukuthi zingasinda ngaphandle kokugxila ku-tuna; namuhla, njengoba lezi zinsiza zincipha, ukufinyelela okulinganiselwe ku-tuna kuzishiya zingenazo ezinye izindlela.
Kulezi zinhlangano, ukwabiwa kwamathani angu-64 okubanjwa ngengozi, esimweni uHulumeni ngokwakhe asibona njengesibalulekile emachwebeni afana neConil, iBarbate, iTarifa, i-Algeciras noma iLa Línea, kuncane kakhulu kune-a "ubuwula"Bakholelwa ukuthi ukuntuleka kwezinyathelo ezithile kuphoqa abadobi abaningi ukuba bayeke lo msebenzi, balahle izikebhe, futhi bayeke ukuvuselelwa kwezizukulwane okwakungatshazwa kakade.
Iziqhingi zaseCanary kanye nemikhumbi yokudoba yasogwini: isidingo sezindlela zenhlalo nezemvelo
Ukugxekwa kwemodeli yokwabiwa akugcini nje eStrait of Gibraltar. Izinhlangano eziningana zobungcweti eziQhingini zaseCanary, njenge-Association of Shipholders and Fishermen of the Canary Islands (Miracanarias), i-National Association of Small-Scale Fishing (ANARME), kanye ne-Platform for the Canary Sea, zifune ukuthi Imithetho emisha ye-bluefin tuna Cabangela izindinganiso zomphakathi nezemvelo ezidingekayo yimithetho yaseYurophu.
La maqembu akhomba ukuthi uMthethonqubo (i-EU) 1380/2013, ku-Athikili yawo 17, uphoqa Amazwe Angamalungu ukuthi asebenzise izindlela ezisobala nezingenaphutha, okuhlanganisa nezici zemvelo, ezenhlalo, kanye nezomnotho, lapho ebabela amathuba okudoba. Kodwa-ke, asola ukuthi eSpain ukusatshalaliswa kuyaqhubeka nokuphendukela cishe ngokuphelele ku- amalungelo omlando, okudala ukukhishwa kwesakhiwo kwengxenye yemikhumbi yasogwini.
U-Airam Mederos, umongameli weMiracanarias kanye ne-ANARME, uthi ukwanda kwesabelo kwakamuva kumele i- ithuba lezomthetho nezepolitiki ukulungisa ukungalingani okuqhubeke iminyaka eminingi. Ngokombono wakhe, ukwehluleka ukusebenzisa leli thuba kungaqinisa imodeli engqubuzana nezimiso eziyisisekelo zomthetho we-European Union, ikakhulukazi maqondana nokusimama kanye nobulungiswa bezenhlalo ekusatshalalisweni.
Kulezi zinhlangano, ukudoba ngezinga elincane kuhlangabezana nezimo eziqondile ezivumela ukufinyelela okungcono kumthombo: umthelela ophansi wemvelo, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla aphezulu, ubudlelwano obuqinile nemiphakathi yasogwini, kanye negalelo elikhulu emisebenzini yasendaweni. Ngakho-ke, bafuna ukuthi i-Athikili 17 yeNqubomgomo Yokudoba Evamile isetshenziswe ngendlela "engokoqobo neqinisekisiwe" nokuthi amathuba okudoba ngezinga elincane aqinisekiswe. imikhumbi yasogwini engabhalwanga kubalo lwabantu lwe-bluefin tunaukuvimbela ukukhishwa kwabo unomphela.
Uma kungekho zinguquko ezethulwa ngaleyo ndlela, izinhlangano zaseCanary Islands azikuchithi ukuphendukela ku- izenzo zomthetho, okuhlanganisa nenselele engaba khona ohlelweni lokwabiwa kwezimali ngenxa yokwephulwa komthetho we-EU okungenzeka. Umyalezo wabo ucacile: “ngaphandle kokudoba ngobuciko akukho ukusimama noma ibhalansi emkhakheni wokudoba.”
Ubuciko obuncane baseMedithera, amanetha okudoba i-tuna kanye necala likaSancti Petri
EMedithera, umthetho omusha wandisa imvume yemikhumbi yokudoba yabadobi abancane kusukela emikhunjini engu-305 kuya kwengu-409. Inhloso, ngokusho kukaHulumeni, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi umkhumbi ngamunye unesimo sesabelo owawunaso ngo-2019, ukuvimbela ukwanda okuphelele kwamathani ekuholeleni ekulahlekelweni okulinganiselwe kwale mikhumbi emincane.
I-Las Izicupho ze-tuna zase-AndalusianLezi zindawo zokudoba, ezixhumene kakhulu nokudoba i-bluefin tuna, nazo zithintwa uhlaka olusha. Ukwanda okuphelele kwesabelo kanye nokuqinisa ukudoba kubhekwa njengethuba lokuhlanganisa umsebenzi esifundazweni saseCádiz, lapho izicupho ze-tuna zaseTarifa, eBarbate, naseConil zinomthelela omkhulu kwezomnotho namasiko.
Elinye lamaphuzu abucayi kakhulu kule ndawo yi- ukubuya emgibeni we-tuna we-Sancti PetrieChiclana de la Frontera. Kuwubuciko obune- umkhondo womlando Umlando wayo uqala emuva okungenani ezikhathini zaseFenike, futhi yafinyelela esicongweni sayo ngekhulu lama-20, yaba yisikhungo esihamba phambili embonini ye-tuna kanye nosawoti esifundeni. Kodwa-ke, ubunzima bezomnotho kanye nokuntuleka kwe-tuna kwaholela ekumisweni kokusebenza kwayo ngawo-1970.
Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kube nemizamo yokuvuselela lesi sicupho se-tuna. Inkampani i-Pesquerías de Chiclana SL, ephethe ukusebenza kwayo kusukela ngo-2027 kuqhubeke, ibone indlela okusalungiswa ngayo isinqumo sasebukhosini izibalo zesabelo ezihlukene kakhulu: isiphakamiso sokuqala sakhuluma ngamathani angu-183, kanti umbhalo wakamuva wehlisa lelo nani laba ngamathani angu-50, yize lesi sikhungo sizoba nelayisensi yokufinyelela ku-350.
Kuze kube namuhla, naphezu kokuvunyelwa kwesichibiyelo somthetho, inhlangano ayikayazi ngokuqinisekile isabelo esinikezwe kusukela ngo-2027 kuqhubeke, okudala ukungaqiniseki okukhulu mayelana nokusebenza kahle kwephrojekthi kwezomnotho kanye nomthelela ongaba khona emisebenzini kanye nasemphakathini wendawo.
Amapulazi okuzalela, ukuguquguquka kwaminyaka yonke kanye nokuphathwa kwesabelo
Umthetho omusha awugcini nje ngokwabiwa kwemikhumbi, kodwa futhi wethula izinguquko ekuphathweni kwezokudoba emhlabeni jikelelePhakathi kwazo, umthetho othize wamapulazi agunyazwe ukufuywa kwe-tuna ye-bluefin uvelele, lapho kudalwe khona irejista ehlukile ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukulawulwa, ukulandelelwa kanye nokuhlela kwesikhathi esimaphakathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lesi sinqumo sasebukhosini sihlanganisa izinyathelo ezibikezelwe kuMthetho ka-2023 Wocwaningo Lwezokudoba Nokudoba Oluqhubekayo, oluhambisana nezici ezithile ze-bluefin tuna. Phakathi kwalezi zinyathelo ezintsha kukhona okulandelayo: ukuguquguquka kwaminyaka yonke ngamathuba okudoba, ukuphathwa kwezabelo ezingasetshenziswanga kanye nokuqaliswa kwendlela yokwenza ngcono isabelo phakathi kwemikhumbi.
Ukuguquguquka konyaka nonyaka kuzovumela, ngaphakathi kwemingcele ethile futhi njalo ngaphansi kokuqashwa, dlulisela ingxenye yesabelo esingasetshenziswanga kusukela onyakeni kuya kolandelayo, ukuze kuncishiswe imfucuza futhi kuthuthukiswe ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza. Lezi zinhlobo zamathuluzi zivamile kwezinye izindawo zokudoba zaseYurophu futhi zihlose ukulinganisela ukulondolozwa kwemvelo, inzuzo yezomnotho, kanye nokuzinza kwamabhizinisi.
Indlela yokwenza ngcono i-quota ihlose ukwenza kube lula ukulungisa phakathi kwamaqembu emikhumbi, okuvumela ukubekwa kabusha kwamathuba okudoba angasetshenziswa kahle lapho uhlu oluthile lwehluleka ukuqeda i-quota yalo. Ephepheni, lokhu kungavula indlela yokusetshenziswa kwezinsiza kusebenza kahle, yize abanye emkhakheni besaba ukuthi, ngaphandle kokuhambisana. izindlela ezicacile zomphakathi, kugcina kuqinisa labo asebevele begxilisa ivolumu eningi.
Isiteji esinabantu abaningi, abadlali abaningi, kanye nabadlali ababhekwayo
Isinqumo esisha sasebukhosini mayelana nokudoba i-bluefin tuna sifika ngesikhathi lapho ISpain inesabelo esikhulu kunanini ngaphambili.Ihlanganisa izinkulungwane zemikhumbi emisha futhi ichaza kabusha isakhiwo sokuphatha semikhumbi ebalulekile njengaleyo eseStrait of Gibraltar. Kwezinye izindawo, njenge-tuna bamba eCádiz noma ingxenye yemikhumbi yezinhlanzi eziphilayo eCantabrian Sea, lesi simo sinikeza ithuba lokuhlanganisa umsebenzi kanye nomsebenzi; kwabanye, ikakhulukazi ekudobeni kobuciko eCádiz kanye nokudoba ogwini lweziQhingi zaseCanary, ukwanda kwe-tonnage akuvezi ushintsho kumodeli abebeyifuna.
Phakathi kokuthuthuka kwezibalo zizonke, ukungena kwabadlali abasha, kanye nezidingo zemithetho yaseYurophu mayelana nezindinganiso zomphakathi nezemvelo, impumelelo yangempela yalo mthetho izolinganiswa ngokuthi uyawufeza yini. ukuqinisekisa ukusimama kwensiza futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, basabalalise izinzuzo zokubuyiselwa kwe-tuna ye-bluefin ngokulinganayo phakathi kwezingxenye ezahlukene zemikhumbi kanye nezindawo ezisogwini ezithembele kuyo.
