Muva nje, iGreenland ibuyele phambili ezindabeni, ngokuvamile ngenxa yezinkinga zezwe kanye nezamasu. Kodwa-ke, ngale kwezintshisekelo zabantu, le ndawo yase-Arctic iphethe izimfihlo eziningi. Enye yezimfihlo ezimangalisayo kakhulu zemvelo emhlabeni: ushaka waseGreenland kanye nekhono lawo lokuphila amakhulu eminyaka amaningana.
Emanzini abandayo aseNyakatho ye-Atlantic kuhlala isilwane esibonakala singathandi ukuhamba kwesikhathi. Ushaka waseGreenland (ISomniosus microcephalus) isizibonakalise njengesilwane esinomgogodla esaziwayo esiphila isikhathi eside kakhulunabantu ababengazalwa ngaphambi kokuba kuqedwe amanye amasonto amakhulu aseGothic eYurophu futhi, ngisho nanamuhla, ababesazobhukuda ngaphansi kweqhwa.
Isilo esineminyaka eminingi siphila ekujuleni kwe-Arctic
Lo shaka ungowomndeni wakwaSomniosidae, owaziwa ngokuthi Oshaka abalele noma abasolwandle olujulile, abavamile e-Arctic naseNyakatho ye-Atlantickusukela eCanada kuya e-Iceland naseGreenland. Ukuba khona kwayo kuyathakazelisa nomphakathi wesayensi waseYurophu, njengoba izindawo zayo zokusatshalaliswa zihlangana nezindawo ezibalulekile zokudoba zamazwe asenyakatho yeYurophu.
Ukubukeka kwayo akumangazi njengokwabanye oshaka abanolwazi kakhulu ngezindaba: ikhanda elincane, umzimba oqinile nodelele, nombala ompunga okufana nobumnyama obujulile. Kuye kwaphawulwa ukuthi ingafinyelela cishe amamitha ayi-6 ubude, yize izinhlobo eziningi ezifundwe zincane kancane.
Ukuziphatha kwayo kuhamba kancane futhi kuyacasha; ayihambisani nomfanekiso wesilwane esidla ngokushesha umuntu anaso soshaka omkhulu omhlophe. Ukunyakaza okuhamba kancane kanye nokubhukuda okucishe kube ubuvila, empeleni, kuyisu lokonga amandla. kubalulekile ukuze uphile emanzini abandayo futhi unezinsiza ezilinganiselwe.
Ngokuphathelene nokudla kwayo, lesi silwane sivame kakhulu umqoqi wezinto ezifile, edla izinsalela zemikhomo, izinhlanzi, nezinye izilwane ezifileKodwa-ke, ingabamba nezilwane ezidla inyama njengezimvu zamanzi noma i-squid ngokusebenzisa amathuba athile ngezikhathi ezithile. Ekujuleni, lapho ukudla kuntuleka khona, noma yimuphi umthombo wamandla ubalulekile.
Umlando ongakaze ubonwe wokuphila isikhathi eside: ukuphila okufika emakhulwini amane noma amahlanu eminyaka
Okwenza iGreenland shark ibe sobala kakhulu kwezesayensi ukuthi isikhathi sokuphila esingavamile, esidlula kakhulu isikhathi sanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane esinomgogodla esaziwayoIzifundo ezahlukene ziyavumelana ngokuthi lezi zilwane zingaphila ngokwesilinganiso amakhulu eminyaka amaningana, futhi izinhlobo eziphile isikhathi eside zingasondela eminyakeni engu-400.
Ucwaningo olushicilelwe kumajenali anethonya elikhulu, njenge Nature nokuxhumanaBazilungisile lezo zilinganiso. Amaqembu aholwa amanyuvesi aseYurophu, njenge-University of Basel, abalile ukuthi abanye abantu kungenzeka ukuthi sebeneminyaka engamakhulu amane ubudala.Lokhu kusho ukuthi base bevele bebhukuda e-Arctic ngesikhathi kusaxoxwa ngemiphumela yeNguquko Yesayensi eYurophu.
Ezinye izifundo, ezisekelwe kumasu okubala i-radiocarbon, zize zikhombe nokuthi Oshaka abangaphila iminyaka engaphezu kuka-500Kwesinye sezimo eziphawuleka kakhulu, isampula eyathathwa ngengozi eduze kweGlover's Reef eBelize, izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha eningizimu yendawo yayo evamile yokuhlala, ngabe yazalwa ngekhulu le-16, ngesikhathi sohambo lokuqala lwaseYurophu oluya eCaribbean.
Ukuze uthole umbono wobubanzi balolu lwazi, ushaka olulodwa lwaseGreenland beluzodingeka yaphila isikhathi eside kunezizukulwane eziningana zabantuIzinguquko zezombusazwe, izimpi, kanye nokuvukela kwezimboni kwakwenzeka eYurophu, kuyilapho yena eqhubeka nomkhuba wakhe ohamba kancane ngaphansi kweqhwa.
Ubala kanjani iminyaka yoshaka ophila amakhulu eminyaka?
Ukulinganisa ubudala besilwane esiphila isikhathi eside kangaka akulula. Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlanzi, la mashaka awanayo izakhiwo zamathambo ezinezindandatho zokukhula ezicacile lokho kusebenza njengereferensi, ngakho-ke izindlela ezivamile azisebenzi.
Isihluthulelo besisesweni. Amaprotheni e-lens akheka ezigabeni zokuqala kakhulu futhi awavuselelwa, ngakho-ke Ukuhlaziya ukwakheka kwayo kusetshenziswa i-radiocarbon dating kusenza sikwazi ukubala isikhathi esidlulile kusukela yasungulwa.Le ndlela, esetshenziswe kumasampula angu-28, inikeze izilinganiso zokuqala zobudala eziqinile, kubantu abaseduze neminyaka engu-400 ubudala.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ziyasetshenziswa amawashi ama-molecule kanye namasu ezakhi zofuzo axhumanisa izinguquko zezinto eziphilayo nokuhamba kwesikhathiUkubhekisela kwedatha yelabhorethri ngolwazi ngokukhula—cishe isentimitha elilodwa ngonyaka—kuqinisa umqondo womjikelezo wokuphila omude kakhulu.
Ngenxa yalezi zindlela, umphakathi wesayensi waseYurophu manje usune- inkomba ebalulekile ukuqonda hhayi nje ukuthi laba oshaka baphila isikhathi esingakanani, kodwa nokuthi bahlelwe kanjani abantu babo nokuthi yiziphi izingozi ababhekene nazo.
Umbono osebenzayo ebumnyameni: inganekwane ewayo
Kwase kucatshangwa ukuthi ushaka waseGreenland wawuyi- ngokuyimpumputheUkuba khona kwezilokazane ezinamathele ku-cornea kwavuselela umbono wokuthi amehlo aso ayizitho eziwohlokile nezingenamsebenzi, nokuthi lesi silwane sithembele cishe ngokuphelele ekuzweleni kwaso iphunga.
Nokho, Ucwaningo lwamuva oluholwa yi-University of Basel luyichithile le nkolelo.Ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwesistimu yokubona kubonise ukuthi amehlo ayasebenza futhi ajwayele ukukhanya okuphansi kwendawo yokuhlala ejulile yolwandle.
Abacwaningi bathole izakhiwo ze-retinal ezikwazi ukubona izimo nokuqhathanisaLokhu kusikisela ukuthi oshaka bangasebenzisa ngisho nokukhanya okuncane kakhulu okuphuma ebusweni noma okuvela ezintweni eziphilayo ezikhanya kakhulu.
Okuphawuleka nakakhulu ukuthi, ngokusho kobufakazi obutholakalayo, Lawa mehlo awabonisi ukuwohloka okuphawulekayo ngokugugaNgisho nezinhlobo ezindala kakhulu zigcina ikhono lazo lokubona, into engavamile kakhulu ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla egxilisa isithakazelo ezindleleni ezivikela izicubu zazo ekugugeni.
Kulesi simo, ososayensi abathile baphakamise ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi izilokazane ezithile noma izakhiwo ezihlobene neso, esikhundleni sokulimaza, zingase, dlala indima ethile ekutholakaleni kwemvelo, yize lo mbono usacwaningwa.
Ukwehliswa kwejubane lomzimba: intengo yokuphila ihamba kancane
Esinye sezici ezibalulekile ezichaza isikhathi eside soshaka waseGreenland yi- imetabolism ehamba kancane kakhuluLo mjikelezo wokuphila onciphile ubonakala kusukela esigabeni sokukhula: awunezeli isentimitha elilodwa ubude ngonyaka.
Inhliziyo ishaya kancane kakhulu, phakathi kokushaya okungu-4 no-6 ngomzuzu lapho uphumuleFuthi umfutho wegazi ku-ventral aorta uphansi kakhulu uma uqhathaniswa nowabanye oshaka. Ukushaya kwenhliziyo ngakunye, ukunyakaza ngakunye, kubonakala kulungiselelwe ukusebenzisa amandla amancane ngangokunokwenzeka.
Amanzi lapho ehlala khona, anezinga lokushisa elibandayo kakhulu, nawo adlala indima ephambili. Umkhuhlane wehlisa ijubane lokusabela kwamakhemikhali emzimbeni futhi unciphise ukuguguleka komzimba.Lokhu, kuhlanganiswe nokuguqulwa kwe-metabolism okuhamba kancane, kusiza ukwandisa umjikelezo wokuphila amakhulu eminyaka.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, izifundo eziphathelene nemisipha yazo zisikisela ukuthi Bagcina umsebenzi we-metabolic oqhubekayo impilo yonkeNakuba kwezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla izicubu zemisipha ziwohloka ngokuguga, kulo shaka ukuwohloka kungaba kancane kakhulu, okuqinisa lowo mfanekiso wokuguga okulibazisekile.
Le ndlela yokuphila ehamba kancane inezindleko ezinkulu: lesi silwane sithatha isikhathi eside kakhulu ukufinyelela ekuvuthweni. Kulinganiselwa ukuthi Kungathatha iminyaka eyi-150 ukuze kukwazi ukuzala kabushaLokhu kwenza lolu hlobo lube sengozini enkulu yokwanda kokufa.
I-genome enkulu evikela ukuguga
Ukuphila isikhathi eside kweshaki laseGreenland akunakuqondwa kuphela nge-physiology. I-Genetics inikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile. Ithimba elivela I-Leibniz Institute on Aging kanye neFriedrich Schiller University, eJena (eJalimane), ihlaziye i-genome yalolu hlobo ngokuningiliziwe, inikeze imiphumela edale isithakazelo esikhulu emkhakheni wezokwelapha waseYurophu.
Ososayensi bathole ukuthi lo shaka une- i-genome enkulu kakhulu, enama-base pair angaphezu kwezigidigidi eziyi-6.500, ngaphezu kakhulu kwezilwane eziningi ezinomgogodla ezifundwe, isici esiphikisana nezifundo ezenziwa izinhlanzi zangaphambi komlandoIngxenye enkulu yezindlela eziphindaphindayo noma "izakhi zofuzo ezigxumayo" iyamangaza, engafinyelela cishe ku-70% wesamba.
Kwezinye izinto eziphilayo, lolu hlobo lokuphindaphinda luvame ukuhlotshaniswa nokungazinzi kwezakhi zofuzo noma izinkinga zempilo. Kodwa-ke, kushaka waseGreenland, lezi zindlela zibonakala zisetshenziswe ngendlela ehlukile: Bebezoba negalelo ekukopisheni izakhi zofuzo ezihilelekile ekulungisweni kwe-DNA, okuqinisa izindlela ezilungisa umonakalo wamangqamuzana.
Phakathi kwezakhi zofuzo ezifundwe kakhulu kukhona I-TP53 kanye ne-XRCC6, izingxenye ezibalulekile ekuvikeleni amaseli ekuguqukeni kwezakhi zofuzoUkuphindaphindwa kanye nokukhethekile kwalezi kanye nezinye izakhi zofuzo zokulungisa kungachaza ukumelana okumangalisayo koshaka nokuqongelela kwamaphutha ezakhi zofuzo emakhulwini eminyaka amaningana.
Ocwaningweni lwaseYurophu mayelana nokuguga, le miphumela ivula indlela ethembisayo. Umsebenzi ohlanganiswe eJalimane unikeza izinkomba zokuqala eziqinile zokuthi ukwakheka kwe-genome kungahlobana kanjani nokuphila isikhathi eside kangaka, futhi kuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nokuthi kungenzeka kangakanani ukudlulisela amanye ala maqhinga kwezinye izinhlobo.
Izicelo ezingaba khona zezokwelapha: yini engafunda umuthi wesintu?
Izinto ezitholwe ngoshaka waseGreenland azigcini nje ngebhayoloji yasolwandle. Ukuqonda ukuthi igcina kanjani i-DNA yayo izinzile amakhulu eminyaka kuyinto ethakazelisa ngqo abacwaningi bokuguga kwabantu., insimu ekhuthele kakhulu eYurophu naseSpain.
Umqondo awukona ukufuna "ukungafi" okucatshangwayo, kodwa ukuhlonza izindlela ezithile ezingakhuthaza izindlela zokwelapha ezintshaUhlelo lokulungisa i-DNA olusebenza kahle lungasiza ekuvimbeleni ukulimala okuhlobene nokuguga, kunciphise ingozi yezinhlobo ezithile zomdlavuza, noma kubambezele ukuqala kwezifo eziwohlokayo zemizwa.
Ngokuphathelene nombono, iqiniso lokuthi laba oshaka bagcina izakhiwo ezibonakalayo ezisebenzayo amakhulu eminyaka lisikisela ukuthi Kunezindlela zebhayoloji zokunciphisa ukuwohloka kwezicubu ezizwelayo njenge-retinaLokhu kunganikeza izinkomba ezibalulekile zokuxazulula izinkinga zokubona kubantu asebekhulile.
Okwamanje, ochwepheshe banxusa ukuba kuqashelwe. Ukuhumusha okwenzeka kushaka wase-Arctic kube ukwelashwa okusebenza kubantu kuyinqubo ende futhi eyinkimbinkimbi. Noma kunjalo, imiphumela etholakalayo iphakamisa ukuthi Ukufunda lolu hlobo ngokujulile kungasiza ekuhlaseleni ukuguga ngenxa yemvelaphi yalo yama-molecule., umgomo ohlanganyelwe yizikhungo eziningi zocwaningo zaseYurophu.
Ucwaningo lwesikhathi esizayo luzozama ukucacisa ukuthi ngabe shintsha umsebenzi wezakhi zofuzo ezithile —njengalabo abahilelekile ekulungisweni kwe-DNA—kungaba nomthelela wangempela empilweni yabantu kanye nokuphila isikhathi eside, njalo ngaphakathi kwemingcele eqinile yokuziphatha kanye nokuphepha.
Uhlobo olumelana nesikhathi njengoba lusengozini yokucindezeleka kwabantu
Ngokumangalisayo, i-biology efanayo evumela ushaka waseGreenland ukuba aphile amakhulu eminyaka nayo ivumela ukuthi aphile amakhulu eminyaka. ikakhulukazi esengozini yemisebenzi yabantuNgenxa yokuthi zikhula kancane futhi zifinyelela ekuvuthweni kobulili sekwephuzile, noma yikuphi ukwanda kokufa kungaba nemiphumela ehlala njalo kubantu.
Ukudoba olwandle olujulile, ukulahla izinhlanzi, kanye nokubamba izilwane ngokungafanele kuyisongo esiqondile kulezi zilwane. Ushaka ngamunye olahlekile akulula ukuwushintsha, njengoba ukululama kwabantu kungathatha izizukulwane zabantu bonke.Ngaphezu kwalokhu kukhona umthelela wokushintsha kwesimo sezulu e-Arctic, okushintsha amazinga okushisa, imisinga, kanye nokutholakala kokudla.
Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kanye nezikhungo zocwaningo emazweni amaningana aseYurophu zigcizelela isidingo ukuqinisa ukuvikelwa kwalolu hlobo endaweni yalo yemveloIzinyathelo zokuphatha ukudoba ezinemingcele eyengeziwe, ukuqapha ukubanjwa kwezinhlanzi, kanye nezivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe kungaba yisihluthulelo sokuvimbela ukwehla buthule.
Kulesi simo, ukulondolozwa koshaka waseGreenland kudlulela ngale kokuvikelwa kwesilwane esisodwa. Inhloso ukugcina ingobo yomlando yangempela yolwazi lwezinto eziphilayo mayelana nokuguga, umthombo wesayensi onenani elikhulu emashumini eminyaka ezayo.
Ngenkathi umphakathi wesayensi eYurophu uqhubeka nokwembula izimfihlo zawo zofuzo nezomzimba, lo shaka Iyaqhubeka ibhukuda kancane ekujuleni, sikhumbula izinga imvelo engakwazi ngalo ukuphonsela inselelo imingcele esasicabanga ukuthi siyayazi mayelana nokuphila kanye nokuhamba kwesikhathi.