Ehlobo lika-2023, “i-golden orb” engavamile phansi kolwandle yadida ososayensi e-U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Lokho okwakubonakala sengathi yiqanda elingenzeka, isiponji esingaziwa, noma ngisho nento “engaziwa” kuye kwembulwa, ngemva kweminyaka engaphezu kwemibili yomsebenzi, ukuthi kuyizinsalela ze-anemone enkulu yolwandle olujulile.
Lokhu kutholakala, okwenziwe ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-3.000 eGulf of Alaska , sekuyindlela yokucwaninga indlela ukuhlola olwandle kwanamuhla okuhlanganisa ngayo amarobhothi, i-biology yendabuko kanye namathuluzi athuthukile ofuzo ukuze kutholakale uhlobo lwezinto eziphilayo, kuze kube manje, ezingakahlukaniswa ngokucacile.
I-orb yegolide ebumnyameni beGulf of Alaska
Le nto yavela ngokungalindelekile ezikrinini zemishini eyayisesikebheni socwaningo se-NOAA i-Okeanos Explorer . Amakhamera emoto esebenza kude i-Deep Discoverer (D2) agxile esigaxeni esincane segolide, esingaba amasentimitha ayishumi ububanzi, esixhunywe kahle edwaleni phansi kolwandle, sikhanyiswe yizibani ze-ROV njengokungathi yinto engafanele ngokuphelele endaweni egcwele ukuhwalala kanye nodaka.
Ubuso be-orb babubushelelezi, bunokwakheka okunemicu kanye nembobo encane eyayiveza ingaphakathi . Lesi sigameko, esasakazwa bukhoma yi-NOAA, sabangela ukuphawula okuzenzekelayo eqenjini lesayensi: abanye babecabanga ukuthi kungaba yi-egg capsule, abanye bakhothamela esiponji; kanti othile waze wabhekisela ekuqaleni kwefilimu ethusayo uma, lapho eyithinta, "kuphume okuthile."
Njengoba bengakwazi ukuyibona lapho, ithimba lanquma ukuqoqa isampula besebenzisa ithuluzi lengalo nelokuncela le-ROV . Uma selivikelwe, lalethwa phezulu futhi kamuva lathunyelwa eSmithsonian's National Museum of Natural History, lapho kwaqala khona uphenyo olwaluzohlala iminyaka engaphezu kwemibili, naphezu kwazo zonke izimo.
Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, umbuzo oyisisekelo wawulula kodwa kunzima ukuwuphendula: hlobo luni lwesidalwa esingaba yileyo mbulunga yegolide engavamile, eyayingangeni kalula kunoma yisiphi isigaba esaziwayo?
Izinkomba zokuqala: isakhiwo esinezintambo esigcwele amangqamuzana ahlabayo
Ukuhlaziywa kokuqala kwelabhorethri kwembule okuthile okudidayo: i-orb ayizange ibonise ukwakheka okuvamile kwesilwane esiphelele . Azikho izitho ezichaziwe noma isakhiwo somzimba esibonakalayo esasibonakala, kodwa kunalokho kwakuyinto enemicu, enezigaba eyakhiwa izendlalelo eziningi ezihambisanayo.
Lapho behlolisisa ubuso bayo, abacwaningi bathole ukuthi kukhona amangqamuzana ahlabayo , afana nalawo asetshenziswa ama-anemones nama-coral ukuze abambe inyamazane futhi azivikele. Lawa maseli, aziwa ngokuthi ama-cnidocytes, ayimpawu yama -cnidarians , iqembu lezilwane elihlanganisa ne-jellyfish.
Uchwepheshe we-NOAA u-Abigail Reft ukhombe la maseli njenge -spirocyst , uhlobo oluthile lwe-cnidocyte olutholakala kuphela ekilasini le-Hexacorallia. Lokhu kutholakele kwabeka umhlaba ngaphakathi kweqembu elithile lezilwane zasolwandle ezingenamgogodla, kodwa akwanele ukunquma uhlobo lwesakhiwo noma uhlobo lwaso.
Phakathi naleso sikhathi, ososayensi abavela kwi-NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service kanye neSmithsonian baqala ukusebenzisa amasu okuhlaziya izakhi zofuzo. Umqondo kwakuwukuthola "ama-barcode" e-DNA kusampula bese bewaqhathanisa nama-database okubhekisela kuwo ukuze babone ukuthi ayafana yini nanoma yisiphi isidalwa esaziwayo.
Kodwa-ke, leyo mizamo yokuqala yaveza imiphumela engaphelele. Izinto zaziqukethe i-DNA evela kuma-microorganisms amaningi ahlobene nezicubu, okwadala "umsindo" okwenza kwaba nzima ukuxhumanisa isampula nohlobo oluthile. Ukuhlonza, okuvame ukuxazululwa kwezinye izimo ngezinqubo ezijwayelekile, kwaba yimpicabadala lapha.
Uma inqubo inganele: kusukela ku-DNA engaphelele kuya ku-genome ephelele
U-Allen Collins, isazi sezilwane kanye nomqondisi we-NOAA Fisheries National Systematics Laboratory eSmithsonian, uvumile ukuthi ulindele ukuxazulula leli cala esebenzisa izindlela ezijwayelekile. Basebenza namakhulu amasampula nsuku zonke , futhi izindlela ezijwayelekile zelabhorethri ngokuvamile zinikeza izimpendulo ezisheshayo mayelana nemvelaphi yezicubu eziqoqwe ohambweni.
Kodwa kulokhu kwakuhlukile. I-golden orb yayidinga imizamo ethile kanye nokubambisana kochwepheshe be-morphology, izakhi zofuzo, i-ecology yolwandle olujulile, kanye ne-bioinformatics. Ingxube ye-DNA yemvelo, izinsalela zezinye izinto eziphilayo, kanye nohlobo olungavamile lwezicubu kwakusho ukuthi ukuhlaziywa okungaphelele kwakungafani nanoma yiluphi uhlobo ababesebenza nalo ngaphambili.
Njengoba bebhekene nokuntuleka kwemiphumela eqinisekile, ithimba likhethe ukuthatha isinyathelo esengeziwe futhi lasebenzisa ukulandelana kwe-genome ephelele . Le ndlela, ebiza kakhulu futhi eyinkimbinkimbi kunezivivinyo ze-DNA ezivamile, ivumela ukufundwa cishe kwazo zonke izinto zofuzo ezikusampula, inikeze imephu enemininingwane engaqhathaniswa nama-genome okubhekiselwa kuwo.
Ngemva kwezigaba eziningana zokucubungula komshini kanye nokuhlaziywa kwekhompyutha, idatha yaqala ukukhomba ohlangothini olucacile: i-DNA ye-orb yayingeyesilwane ngokungangabazeki futhi yabonisa ukufana kofuzo okucishe kube okuphelele ne-genome ebhekiselwe ku- Relicanthus daphneae , i-anemone enkulu yolwandle olujulile eyachazwa okokuqala ngo-2006.
Ukuze kuqiniswe lesi siphetho, abacwaningi baphinde bahlola isampula eqoqwe ngo-2021 ngesikhathi sohambo lwe-Schmidt Institute of Oceanography. Ucwaningo lwe-genome ye-mitochondrial yaleyo sampula lubonise ukuthi yayifana kakhulu nezakhi zofuzo naleyo etholakala ku-golden orb, ngaleyo ndlela kuqedwa ukuqhathaniswa kwezakhi zofuzo.
I-Relicanthus daphneae, i-anemone enkulu ephula isikhunta
Uhlobo lwe -Relicanthus daphneae aluyona i-anemone evamile. Lungafinyelela cishe amasentimitha angu-30 ububanzi phakathi nendawo futhi luhlala ekujuleni okusukela kumamitha angu-1.600 kuya kwangu-4.000, ezindaweni lapho ingcindezi inkulu khona, ukukhanya kungekho nhlobo, futhi amazinga okushisa aseduze nokubanda.
Ngaphandle kobukhulu bayo, ivelele ngama-tentacles ayo, angadlula amamitha amabili ubude, kanye nesethi yezimpawu zezinto eziphilayo ezingahambisani kahle nezigaba zakudala zama-anemones nama-coral. Kusukela encazelweni yayo, ukuhlukaniswa kwayo okuqondile ngaphakathi kwesihlahla sokuziphendukela kwemvelo sama-cnidarians kunikeze ochwepheshe izinkinga eziningi zekhanda.
Eqinisweni, ubuhlobo be- Relicanthus daphneae namanye ama-anemones buseyindaba ephikiswana ngayo. Izici zayo zesimo kanye nezakhi zofuzo zisikisela ukuxhumana namaqembu ahlukahlukene, kodwa ngaphandle kokuhambisana ngokugcwele namaphethini ajwayelekile, okwenza kube yinto engajwayelekile ezinhlakeni zezilwane zasolwandle zendabuko.
Lo mongo usiza ukuqonda ukuthi kungani i-golden orb yenza izinto zibe nzima kangaka. Kuze kube yilapho ukuhlaziywa kuqediwe, akukho lutho olwaluvumela ukuhlangana okuqondile kwaleyo ngxenye yegolide nesimo se- R. daphneae esaziwayo noma nezakhiwo ezichazwe kwamanye ama-anemones.
Isihluthulelo, njengoba kuvame ukwenzeka, kwakuwukubukeza izinto ezindala ngamehlo amasha: ngokubuyela emuva ezibonelweni eziqoqwe eminyakeni edlule nokuzibuka ngemininingwane eminingi, kwaqala ukuvela izinkomba ezixhumanisa umhlaba nesakhiwo esithile salolu hlobo.
I-orb yegolide njenge-cuticle enama-laminated amaningi ye-anemone
Lapho behlola kabusha isampula egciniwe ye -Relicanthus daphneae , ososayensi bathola izingcezu ze-cuticle yegolide, enezingqimba eziningi ezungeze isisekelo sesilwane. Le cuticle, eyakhiwe ngezingqimba eziningana ezincane, ezihambisanayo, yayinokwakheka okuhambisana nezicubu ze-orb engaqondakali eqoqwe ngo-2023.
Abacwaningi baphawula ukuthi lesi sakhiwo sasimboze indawo lapho i-anemone inamathela khona ku-substrate , isebenza njengohlobo lwesimbozo sangaphandle. Ingxenye yaso eyinhloko ibonakala iyi-chitin, i-polymer efanayo eqinile etholakala emagobolondweni ezilwane eziningi ezingenamgogodla kanye nasezindongeni zamaseli ezinye isikhunta.
Ukutadisha izibonelo eziphilayo ze -R. daphneae kwembule ukuthi lapho i-anemone ihamba phansi kolwandle, ingashiya ingxenye yesikhumba sayo . Ngamanye amazwi, lesi silwane siyahamba, kodwa isembozo sangaphandle esisekelweni saso sihlala sinamathele emadwaleni, lapho sihlala khona isikhashana ngaphambi kokubola noma ukungcwatshwa yizibi.
Ngokusekelwe kulokhu, umbono ohamba phambili ukuthi i-golden orb etholwe yi-Deep Discoverer ihambelana nesisekelo se-cuticular esahlukana ne-anemone eyayingasekho kuleyo ndawo. Imbobo encane ebonakalayo ebusweni ingahlotshaniswa nendawo lapho izicubu zahlukana khona nezinye izinto eziphilayo.
Nakuba lokhu kuhumusha kuhambisana nokubonwa kwesimo somzimba kanye nedatha yezakhi zofuzo, abalobi bocwaningo ngokwabo bayavuma ukuthi isimo somzimba esiqondile se-orb sisalokhu siyinkinga yempikiswano. Ukuthi kungenzeka izinqubo ezengeziwe zebhayoloji ezihlobene nalesi sakhiwo ezingakachazwa akunakususwa ngokuphelele.
Ukuhlukaniswa okusebenzayo noma ukuzama ukuzala okungafanele kwenziwe ngokocansi kuhlulekile?
Ngaphezu kwenkolelo-mbono ye-cuticle esele, ososayensi bacabangela okunye okungenzeka okuhambisanayo: ukuthi i-orb imelela uhlobo lokuzala okungaphelele okungenabo ubulili . Ezinye izinhlobo zama-anemones ziyakwazi ukuzala ngezinqubo ezifana "nokusika kwe-pedal," lapho ingxenye yesisekelo se-polyp ishiywa khona bese kamuva iveza umuntu omusha.
Kulezi zimo, i-anemone ishiya ingxenye yezicubu endaweni engaphansi komhlaba kuyilapho yonke ingxenye yesilwane ibhukuda. Le ngxenye ingavuselela izakhiwo ezingekho futhi ibe yi-polyp entsha, inqubo ephindaphinda inani labantu ngaphandle kwesidingo sokukhulelwa . Le ndlela yaziwa emaqenjini amaningana e-cnidarians, yize ingakabhalwanga ngokucacile ku- Relicanthus daphneae.
Abanye abacwaningi bayazibuza ukuthi ingabe i-golden orb ingahlotshaniswa nomzamo ongaphumelelanga wokusikwa kwe-pedal , noma uhlobo olufanayo lokuzala olungenabo ubulili kulolu hlobo, olungakachazwa ngokugcwele. Kodwa-ke, okwamanje, ubufakazi obuqondile bokuqinisekisa lokhu abukho.
Okusobala kakhulu ukuthi i-shed cuticle idlala indima ebalulekile emvelweni uma ishiywe phansi kolwandle. Inani lama-microorganisms atholakala ebusweni bayo lisikisela ukuthi isebenza njengendawo encane yokusebenza kwama-microorganism, lapho izicubu ezibolayo zisebenza khona njengomthombo wokusekela kanye namandla wezinto eziphilayo ezihlukahlukene ezincane kakhulu.
Ngale ndlela, lokho okungase kubhekwe njengemfucuza yezinto eziphilayo ekuqaleni kuba yindawo yokuhlala encane yokuphila okungabonakali , okufaka isandla ezinqubweni ezifana nokuvuselelwa kwezakhamzimba kanye nomjikelezo we-nitrogen ezindaweni ezijulile zolwandle.
Icala elibonisa imikhawulo kanye namathuba okuhlola olwandle olujulile
Uhambo lwe-golden orb, kusukela ekutholakaleni kwayo ngo-2023 kuya ekuhlonzweni kwayo njengezinsalela ze-anemone enkulu , lubonisa izinselele eziningana ezibaluleke kakhulu zokuhlola olwandle olujulile. Ngisho noma kunezimoto ezisebenza kude, amakhamera aphezulu, kanye nama-laboratory ahlonyiswe ngobuchwepheshe obusezingeni eliphezulu, phansi kolwandle kusalokhu kuyindawo egcwele izinto ezingaziwa.
Ekujuleni okungaphezu kwamamitha angu-3.000, ingcindezi iyacindezela, ubumnyama bucishe bube buphelele, futhi izimo zomzimba zihluke kakhulu kulezo zamanzi angajulile noma izindawo ezisogwini lwaseYurophu. Kulesi simo, yonke into engavamile evela ezithombeni ze-ROV ingaba yimpicabadala yesayensi yesikhathi eside.
UKaputeni uWilliam Mowitt, umqondisi obambele wohlelo lwe-NOAA lwe-Ocean Exploration, ugcizelela ukuthi amathuluzi afana nokulandelana kwe-DNA okuthuthukisiwe avumela ososayensi ukuxazulula izimfihlakalo ebezingeke ziphendulwe eminyakeni embalwa edlule . Kodwa ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukutholwa ngakunye okusha kuphakamisa imibuzo eyengeziwe mayelana nokuthi izimiso zemvelo zasemanzini ajulile zihlelwe futhi zithuthuke kanjani.
Okwamanje, umkhumbi i-Okeanos Explorer uyaqhubeka nokulungiselela imikhankaso emisha, njengaleyo ehlelelwe emanzini aseduze neHawaii, ngenhloso yokumapha izindawo zolwandle ezingakafundwa kahle kangako. IYurophu, ikakhulukazi amaqembu ocwaningo lwasolwandle avela emazweni afana neSpain, iFrance, neJalimane, alandela eduze le ntuthuko, njengoba izindlela ezithuthukiswe kumaphrojekthi e-NOAA nazo zisetshenziswa ezifundweni eNyakatho ye-Atlantic kanye naseMedithera ejulile.
Umthelela wamacala afana nowe-golden orb udlulela ngale kwendaba elula. Uqokomisa izinga isayensi yezilwane ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle kanye nezinhlelo zesimanje manje ezincike ngalo ezindleleni ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa ukubuka okuqondile, ukuhlaziywa kwezicubu, ukulandelana kwezakhi zofuzo eziphelele, kanye nezizindalwazi ezinkulu ezabiwe emhlabeni wonke.
Ngemva kwale nqubo ende, i-orb eyimfihlakalo ebonwe eGulf of Alaska ayibange isachazwa njengeqanda legolide futhi yaba yingxenye yendaba ye-anemone enkulu esaphethe izimfihlo eziningi. Leli cala seliyisibonelo esisebenzayo sendlela ukuhlola okujulile okusebenza ngayo namuhla nokuthi kungani, naphezu kwentuthuko yezobuchwepheshe, ulwandle olujulile luhlala lungenye yezinto ezingaziwa kakhulu emhlabeni.
