Ukuba khona okungenzeka kwamathani afinyelela ezigidini ezingu-40 olwandle i-sargassum olusakazeke kulo lonke i-Atlantic Ocean kuveza isithombe esibucayi kakhulu ezinyangeni ezizayo. Nakuba ukugqanyiswa kwabezindaba kuseCaribbean, lesi simo sinemiphumela esabalala kulo lonke iNyakatho ye-Atlantic , okuhlanganisa nogu lwaseYurophu, lapho ukugcwala kwe-macroalgae sekuvele kubhalwe khona eminyakeni yamuva ePortugal, eCanary Islands, nakwezinye izindawo zogu lwe-French Atlantic.
Izibalo ezikhishwe yi- National Laboratory for Earth Observation (LANOT) ye-National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) zibonisa inani elingakaze libonwe le-biomass. Le macroalga entantayo, eyakha indawo ewusizo olwandle oluvulekile, iba yinkinga eyinkimbinkimbi lapho ifika ogwini: ilimaza amabhishi, ibeke engcupheni amatshe asolwandle kanye nemibhede yotshani basolwandle, futhi idala ukulahlekelwa yizigidi zamaRandi ezindaweni zokuvakasha—isimo esikhathaza kokubili izifunda zaseMexico zaseCaribbean kanye ne-Atlantic ezisogwini eMelika naseYurophu.
I-Atlantic egcwele: ibhande le-sargassum elikhulu kunawo wonke elake laqoshwa
OCHWEPHESHE be-LANOT balindele ukuthi i -Atlantic eshisayo ingaqoqa cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-40 e-sargassum kulo nyaka. Leli qembu elikhulu lolwandle oluntantayo laziwa ngokuthi i- Great Atlantic Sargassum Belt , uhlobo lomgwaqo omkhulu wezinto eziphilayo oshintshela eCaribbean njalo ngesizini, oqhutshwa yimisinga nemimoya.
Ukwanda akuhlukanisiwe: kusukela ngo -2022, kube nokwenyuka okuphawulekayo enanini le-sargassum elifinyelela ogwini , ikakhulukazi esifundazweni saseMexico iQuintana Roo . Ngo-2025, cishe amathani angu-96.000 e-sargassum asuswa kuleyo ndawo, futhi izibikezelo zalo nyaka ziphakamisa inani elingaba khona emabhishi aseQuintana Roo libe amathani angu-130.000 , okuzokwenza kube ngesinye sezigameko ezimbi kakhulu ezirekhodiwe.
Lokhu kuziphatha kuhlobene kakhulu nezinguquko ezinkulu olwandle: ukufudumala kwamanzi ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu , ukwanda kokufakwa kwezakhamzimba (ngokwengxenye okuvela emifuleni emikhulu nasemisebenzini yabantu), kanye nokushintsha kwemisinga yolwandle kanye namaphethini omoya. Ngokubambisana, lezi zici zidale izimo ezinhle kakhulu zokuba i-sargassum ikhule ngokushesha futhi ihambe amabanga amade.
Ososayensi baveza ukuthi le macroalga ingaphinda kabili umthamo wayo ezinsukwini ezingu-18 kuphela ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Lokhu kukhula okukhulu, kuhlangene nokuguquguquka kwemisinga yase-Atlantic, kuchaza ukuthi isisindo esivela kude olwandle singagcina sithinte kanjani ugu olukude njengeCaribbean noma ezinye izingxenye ze -European Atlantic emavikini ambalwa.
Empeleni, lokhu kusho ukuthi amazwe aseYurophu anogu lolwandle lwase-Atlantic—kusukela ePortugal naseSpain (ikakhulukazi iziQhingi zaseCanary) kuya eFrance nase-Ireland—anesibopho sokuqapha eduze okwenzekayo ngezansi komfula e-Atlantic eshisayo. Nakuba imiphumela emibi kakhulu igxile eCaribbean, okuhlangenwe nakho kwamuva nje ngokuxhunywa kwe-macroalgae kanye ne-jellyfish ogwini lwaseYurophu kubonisa ukuthi izenzakalo ezinkulu zolwandle azinamingcele.
I-Caribbean yaseMexico njengelabhorethri yalokho okungenzeka kwamanye ama-coast
Nakuba inkinga iqala e-Atlantic, i- Mexico Caribbean isibe yindawo yokucwaninga evulekile yokulawula ukungena kwe-sargassum. Ezindaweni ezifana ne-Quintana Roo, lesi simo sibonakala ngokushintshashintsha okukhulu kwendawo : kwezinye izindawo ezisogwini lolwandle umthelela uphansi, kanti kwezinye amabhishi angcwatshwe ngokoqobo ngaphansi kwezindunduma zokhula lwasolwandle.
Imibiko yakamuva evela ku-UNAM, esekelwe ekuqapheni ngesathelayithi kanye nomsebenzi wasensimini , yembula isithombe esingalingani kakhulu. Iphephandaba likhombisile ukuthi, emabhishi ayi-100 ahlaziywe enyakatho yeQuintana Roo, ayi-17 ahlukaniswe njenganokuqongelela ngokweqile kwe-sargassum, amanye ayi-17 njengane-sargassum eningi, angama-25 njenganokuqongelela okulingene, kanti amabhishi amathathu kuphela angazange abe khona kwe-macroalgae. Lolu hlobo lokuhlola okusheshayo lubalulekile ekwabeni izinsiza lapho zidingeka khona kakhulu.
Ukuphathwa kwansuku zonke kuyinkimbinkimbi. Omasipala nezinkampani zezokuvakasha kuye kwadingeka baqinise ukuhlanza ngomshini nangokwazandla , bahlele amaqembu okususa cishe unomphela, futhi bamise izindawo zokulahla izinto ezisemhlabeni. Kodwa-ke, lezi zinyathelo eziphuthumayo azixazululi inkinga eyisisekelo futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, zidala ezinye izinkinga zemvelo eziqala ukuphakamisa izixwayiso kwamanye amazwe ase-Atlantic athembele kakhulu kwezokuvakasha.
ESpain nakwamanye amazwe aseYurophu, okwenzekayo eCaribbean kunikeza imephu yezingozi nezixazululo . Kokubili ugu lweMedithera lwaseSpain—oluzwela kakhulu isithombe samabhishi alo—kanye nezindawo ezihlala e-Atlantic njengeCanary Islands neMadeira zibuka eduze ukuthi izinqubo zesenzo zakhiwe kanjani, ukuthi ukuhlanganiswa phakathi kokuphathwa kufezwa kanjani, nokuthi umkhakha wezokuvakasha uhileleke kanjani, uma kwenzeka kudingeka ukuphinda amanye alawa maqhinga lapho kubhekene nezimbali ezinkulu ze-macroalgae noma ezinye izehlakalo ezifanayo.
Kulesi simo, ukulinganiselwa kwamathani afinyelela ezigidini ezingu-40 e-sargassum e-Atlantic akugcini nje ngokuba yisibalo esishaqisayo, kodwa futhi kuyisixwayiso sokuthi ukuphatha inani elikhulu le-biomass yasolwandle kungaba umsebenzi ophindaphindayo ogwini oluningi lolwandle, kusukela eMexico kuya eNhlonhlweni yase-Iberia.
Imithelela yezemvelo, yezomnotho kanye neyezempilo
I-Sargassum, ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, iyindawo yokuhlala eyigugu entantayo : ihlinzeka ngesiphephelo sezinhlanzi, izilwane ezinamagobolondo, izimfudu zasolwandle , nezinye izinhlobo ezithola ukudla nesivikelo phakathi kwamaqabunga ayo. Kodwa-ke, lapho lezi zinqwaba ezinkulu ziguguleka ogwini, lo mthombo ofanayo wemvelo uba umthombo wokucindezeleka kwezindawo zemvelo zasogwini.
Emabhishi nasezindaweni ezingajulile, ukuqongelela kwe-algae kunciphisa inani lokukhanya okungena emanzini , okuholela ekunciphiseni i-photosynthesis ngotshani basolwandle nama-coral. Lo mthunzi ohlala isikhathi eside ulimaza ama-coral reefs , abalulekile ekuhlukahlukeneni kwezinto eziphilayo futhi ahlinzeka ngokuvikelwa kwemvelo ezivunguvungwini nasemagagasini. Ukuwohloka kwalezi zindawo zemvelo zama-coral kuyinto ekhathazayo ezifundeni ezifana neziqhingi zaseCanary, i-Azores, neMadeira, lapho ama-coral nemiphakathi yase-benthic idlala indima ebalulekile ekuzinzeni kogu.
Enye inkinga ivela lapho i-sargassum ingena esigabeni sokubola okukhulu. Phakathi nale nqubo, kukhishwa iphunga elibi, amagesi, kanye ne-leachate , okunganciphisa ukukhanga kwamabhishi futhi kubangele ukungakhululeki kubahlali nezivakashi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, amanye ama-biomass ayacwila, ebalekela izithiyo zokuvimbela futhi adale lokho okwaziwa ngokuthi "i-brown tide ," iqembu lamanzi amdaka athinta kokubili izilwane zasolwandle kanye nabasebenzisi bezokuzijabulisa.
Izifundo eziholwa yi-LANOT nezinye izikhungo zaseMexico zibonisa ukuthi lawa ma-algae anamandla okumunca izinsimbi ezisindayo ezikhona olwandle, njenge-arsenic, i-mercury, ne-cadmium. Lokhu kwenza i-sargassum, eyake yashiywa, ingafaneleki njengokudla kwezilwane futhi, uma ibekwe ngokungalawuleki ehlathini noma enhlabathini evumela amanzi ukungena, ibeka ingozi yokungcoliswa yi-aquifer . Ezindaweni ezinezinhlelo ze-karst—ezinezimbobo eziningi—njengeCaribbean kanye nezindawo ezithile zogu lwe-European Atlantic, le nkinga ibaluleke kakhulu.
Ukususwa kwebhishi ngomshini onzima akunazo izinkinga zako. Ukusetshenziswa kwemishini esihlabathini kungagcina kudonse inhlabathi futhi kusheshise ukuguguleka kwebhishi. Ezindaweni lapho ukuvuselelwa kogu lokwenziwa kakade kumelela izindleko eziqhubekayo—njengoba kunjalo komasipala abaningi bezivakashi baseSpain—lolu hlobo lokuguguleka okwengeziwe luzoholela ezindleleni eziphakeme esikhathini esiphakathi.
Okokugcina, umthelela wezomnotho ubonakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezincike elangeni nasesihlabathini. Ukuba khona okuqhubekayo kwezimbali zasolwandle, iphunga elibi, namanzi amnyama kubangela ukuthi ezinye izivakashi zishintshe indawo eziya kuyo noma zinciphise ukuhlala kwazo—umkhuba osevele ubonwe eCaribbean yaseMexico ongase uphindwe kwezinye izindawo uma kungathathwa zinyathelo ezisebenzayo.
Indlela i-sargassum eqashwa ngayo: kusukela ku-satellite kuya ku-drone nge-GPS
Njengoba kunesimo esinjalo esishintshashintshayo, isihluthulelo ukwazi ukuthi i-sargassum ikuphi, ingakanani, nokuthi iya kuphi . I-UNAM, nge-LANOT kanye nokubambisana ne-Institute of Marine Sciences and Limnology, ithuthukise uhlelo lokuqapha eminyakeni eyisithupha edlule oluhlanganisa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene futhi olungasebenza njengereferensi kwezinye izifunda zase-Atlantic, kufaka phakathi iYurophu.
Insika yokuqala yalolu hlelo izithombe zesathelayithi , okuhlanganisa nalezo ezinikezwa yisathelayithi yaseYurophu i-Sentinel-2, etholakala kalula. Lezi zithombe, ezibuyekezwa cishe njalo ezinsukwini ezinhlanu, zivumela ukutholakala kwama -patches e-sargassum olwandle oluvulekile kanye nokulinganiswa kobubanzi bawo. Ngokusekelwe esiginesha se-spectral se-algae—ukusabela kwayo okukhethekile ekukhanyeni kuma-wavelength ahlukene—kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa i-sargassum nezinye izinto ezisebusweni bolwandle.
Ukuze kulungiswe lezi zibalo, ithimba lesayensi lisebenzisa amadivayisi e-GPS antantayo ashiywe eduze kwezimbali ze-algae. Lawa madivayisi adlulisela indawo yawo ngesikhathi sangempela, esiza ukulandelela umkhondo oqondile wezimbali. Ngokulandelayo, ukusetshenziswa kwama -spectroradiometers ensimini kuvumela ukuthi kuqinisekiswe ukuthi lokho okubonwayo kusuka emkhathini kufana neqiniso emanzini, ngaleyo ndlela kuqedela umjikelezo phakathi kwedatha yesathelayithi nokubuka okuqondile.
Ama-drone abe yithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu lokuhlola izingxenye ezithile zamatshe asogwini kanye nogu lolwandle ngokuningiliziwe. Avumela imibhalo yokuthi i-sargassum, amagagasi, kanye nezinhlelo zemvelo zasogwini zihlangana kanjani, kanye nokuhlolwa okunembile kwesimo sezithiyo zokuvimbela kanye nokusebenza kahle kwemizamo yokuhlanza.
Lonke lolu lwazi lufakwa kumbukeli wewebhu othuthukiswe yi-LANOT, ehlanganisa izithombe zomlando, idatha yesikhundla, kanye namamodeli okuzulazula. Le nkundla yenza kube lula ukubona ukuthi ama-slicks amakhulu akude kangakanani, ukuthi ingakanani i-biomass engafika, nokuthi yiziphi izindawo okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi zigobe kuzo. Ingobo yomlando eqoqwe kakade idlula izithombe ezingu-4.700 zesifunda socwaningo, okuvumela ukuhlaziywa kokubuyela emuva ukuqonda kangcono ukuvela kwalesi simo nokuthuthukisa amamodeli okubikezela.
Amamodeli namasu: ukulindela ngaphambi kokuba i-sargassum ifike ogwini
Ngaphandle kokubuka nje okwenzekayo nganoma yisiphi isikhathi, ososayensi basebenza ngamamodeli e-oceanography kanye ne-atmospheric ahlanganisa ulwazi mayelana nemisinga, imimoya, namagagasi. Lawa mamodeli awavumela ukuthi agcwalise izikhala phakathi kokudlula kwesathelayithi futhi abonise ukunyakaza kwekusasa kwama-oyela, okunikeza iziphathimandla zasogwini ukuguquguquka okubalulekile.
Empeleni, lawa mamodeli avumela ukubikezela izikhathi zokufika ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kusengaphambili. Ngokuxwayisa kusenesikhathi, omasipala bangandisa abasebenzi bokuhlanza, baqinise izithiyo ezindaweni eziqondiwe, noma bahlele ngisho nemisebenzi yokuvuna ogwini ngaphambi kokuba ukhula lwasolwandle lufike ogwini. Le ndlela, eseyivivinywa kakade eCaribbean, ithakazelisa kakhulu kunoma yisiphi isifunda esifuna ukunciphisa umthelela obonakalayo nowemvelo engxenyeni ebuthakathaka kakhulu yogu lolwandle.
Elinye isu lokuthola ukudonswa lihilela ukuvimba ukhula lwe-sargassum olwandle, ukulusika, nokulucubungula ukuze luvinjwe ukuthi lungafiki emabhishi. Lokhu kunciphisa umthwalo ezindaweni zemvelo zasogwini futhi kuvula umnyango wokusetshenziswa okungenzeka kwe-biomass ezimbonini, uma nje izinsimbi ezisindayo eziqongelelwe olwelweni ziphathwa ngokucophelela.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, imizamo igxile ekufakeni izithiyo zokuvimbela ogwini. E-Quintana Roo, kuye kwasetshenziswa amakhilomitha angaba ngu-90 alezi zakhiwo ezintantayo, ezenzelwe ukugcina i-sargassum nokuyihambisa ezindaweni zokuqoqa. Kodwa-ke, okuhlangenwe nakho kubonisa ukuthi lapho inani lilikhulu kakhulu futhi ulwandle lugubha, ingxenye yolwandle iyacwila, idlule ngaphansi kwezithiyo, bese igcina isakazeka njengamaza ansundu.
Lolu hlobo lwesisombululo esihlanganisiwe—izithiyo, ukuvuna ogwini lolwandle, kanye nezinhlelo zokuxwayisa zakuqala ezithuthukisiwe—luqala nokuxoxwa ngazo phakathi kwabaphathi nososayensi baseYurophu abasogwini. Njengoba izehlakalo ezihambisana nokufudumala komhlaba ziqina, ukubambisana kwe-transatlantic ekuqapheni nasekuphenduleni izimbali ezinkulu ze-macroalgal cishe kuzodingeka kakhulu.
Inselele eyinhloko itholakala ekutholeni ibhalansi phakathi kokuvikela imvelo yolwandle , ukugcina ikhwalithi yezemvelo emabhishi, nokuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kwezomnotho kwemikhakha encike kwezokuvakasha kanye nemisebenzi yasolwandle. Lokho okuvivinywayo namuhla eCaribbean, ngokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezifanele, kungasebenza njengereferensi yamasu esikhathi esizayo ogwini lwase-Atlantic eYurophu naseNyakatho Afrika.
Njengoba ibhekene noLwandlekazi i-Atlantic olungathwala amashumi ezigidi zamathani e-sargassum, inhlanganisela yesayensi yanamuhla, ukuhlela, kanye nokuxhumana kwamazwe ngamazwe kuvela njengethuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokuqinisekisa ukuthi umthelela ogwini lolwandle—kusukela eMexico kuya eSpain—uyakwazi ukulawuleka ngangokunokwenzeka, kugcinwe kokubili umonakalo wemvelo kanye nemiphumela yezomnotho neyenhlalo ikude.
