Ngemva kuka Iminyaka eyi-15 ngaphandle kwezimpawu eziqinisekisiweInani lama-axolotl avela esifundeni sase-Altiplano liphinde latholakala esifundazweni saseQuerétaro, enkabeni yeMexico. Lokhu okutholakele, okuqinisekiswe yi-National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), kumelela ushintsho olukhulu kulolu hlobo. ukulondolozwa kwalolu hlobo yensalamander esengozini yokuqothulwa.
Iqembu locwaningo litholakale kufika kumakhophi angamashumi amahlanu echibini lokwenziwa kumasipala wase-Amealco de Bonfil, ngaphakathi kwendawo yezolimo yangasese. Ukuhlukaniswa okulinganiselwe kwendawo, kuhlangene nezimo zamanzi, kuye kwavumela lokho leli qembu labantu isalokhu ingaziwa kwezesayensi iminyaka engaphezu kweyishumi.
Ukutholwa okungalindelekile ku-Amealco de Bonfil
Inani labantu base-Altiplano (axolotls)I-Ambystoma velasci) kutholakale ku- ichibi lokwenziwa elisetshenziselwa ukunisela kwezolimo eduze komphakathi waseSan Ildefonso, e-Amealco de Bonfil. Kungumthombo wamanzi ohlala endaweni impahla yangasese enokufinyelela okuvinjelwelapho ukuba khona kwabantu kulinganiselwe futhi imisebenzi igxile ekulimeni.
Izibalo zokuqala ezenziwe yithimba le-UNAM zikhomba ku- abantu abangaba ngu-50Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukuthi kukhona inani elizinzile endaweni. Lezi zibonelo zitholakala endaweni, nakuba ingeyona ichibi lemvelo, eye yasebenza njenge isiphephelo esingabonakali ngezinhlobo zezilwane esifundeni lapho zazibhekwa njengezingasekho khona.
Ukuhlukaniswa kwechibi ngokwendawo, kanye neqiniso lokuthi amanzi alo asetshenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo, kuye kwehlisa ingcindezi eqondile ohlelweni lwemvelo. Lokhu kuye kwalivumela ukuthi ligcine isimo salo semvelo. izimo ezizinzile izinga lokushisa, umoya-mpilo kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi, izici ezibalulekile zama-axolotl ukuze aqedele umjikelezo wawo wokuphila.
Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, indawo okutholakale kuyo endaweni yezolimo iveza isimo esibucayi: ngakolunye uhlangothi, ivikele izilwane ekucindezelweni kwasemadolobheni; ngakolunye uhlangothi, iphoqa ukuvumelanisa imikhuba yokulima nokulondoloza uma umgomo uwukuqinisekisa ukuhlala unomphela kwabantu ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Ukubalwa kwabantu okuningiliziwe kanye nesimo sempilo
Ithimba lesayensi lenze ukubalwa kwabantu okuningiliziwe kwezinto eziphilayo kwezibonelo ezitholakele. Ku-axolotl ngayinye, imingcele efana nobudala obulinganiselwe, ubulili, isisindo, izilinganiso zomzimba kanye nesimo sempilo jikelele yaqoshwa, ukuze kuqondwe isakhiwo sabantu kanye nokuphila kwabo esikhathini esiphakathi.
Ukuze bagweme ukubala into efanayo izikhathi eziningi, abacwaningi basebenzise indlela ukuhlonza komuntu ngamunye ngokusekelwe kumabala ohlangothini lwesobunxele lwesilwane ngasinye. Lezi zimpawu zisebenza njengohlobo "lweminwe" evumela abantu ukuthi babonakale ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuzimaka ngokomzimba, ngaleyo ndlela kunciphisa ukucindezeleka kanye nengozi ezilwaneni.
Ososayensi bakhomba ukuthi okulandelayo kuye kwabonwa echibini: amaqembu eminyaka ahlukenekusukela ezinganeni kuya kubantu abadala, okubonisa ukuthi kukhona ukudlala okusebenzayo kule ndawo. Leli qiniso libaluleke kakhulu ngoba lisikisela ukuthi amanzi awasebenzi nje kuphela njengesiphephelo sesikhashana, kodwa futhi ayindawo yokukhosela. indawo yokuhlala esebenzayo ekwazi ukusekela zonke izigaba zomjikelezo wokuphila kwe-axolotl.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izici ezihlobene nokuziphatha, ukusabalala kwezilwane ngaphakathi kwechibi, kanye nokuba khona okungenzeka kwezilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane noma izinhlobo ezihlanganyela nazo ohlelweni lwemvelo kuye kwahlolwa. Lonke lolu lwazi luzosetshenziselwa amasu okuphatha umklamo ivumelaniswe neqiniso lesayithi.
Ikhwalithi yamanzi nendawo yokuhlala yaqinisekiswa kanjani?
Ngemva kokuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwalolu hlobo, ochwepheshe benze ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwalolu hlobo izimo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali emzimbeni wamanziAmapharamitha anjengomoya-mpilo oncibilikisiwe, i-asidi (pH), ukuhanjiswa kukagesi, izinga lokushisa kanye nenani lezinto eziqinile ezimisiwe nezincibilikisiwe alinganiswa, ngaphezu kokuba khona kwamagciwane ahlukene.
Lolu lwazi lusenza sikwazi ukuqonda yiziphi izinto ezenze kwaba nokwenzeka Ukuqhubeka kwabantu iminyaka eminingi ngaphandle kokutholakala. Ngokungafani nezinye izindawo zase-Altiplano lapho kubhalwe khona ukungcola okukhulu, kuleli chibi amanani ekhwalithi yamanzi, ngokuvamile, alungele kakhulu ukusinda kwezilwane eziphila emanzini nasemanzini ezizwelayo njenge-axolotl.
Ithimba liphinde lahlola umthwalo ongaba khona we- amagciwane e-coliform aphelele kanye nawasendleLokhu kuhlaziya, okudlule imikhawulo yokulawula kwezinye izindawo zamanzi esifundeni, kubalulekile ekunqumeni izinga lokucindezela okwenziwa imisebenzi yabantu kanye nokusikisela izinyathelo zokuhlanzeka uma kudingeka.
Ngaphezu kwamanzi, izici zemvelo eziseduze zafundwa: ukumbozwa kwezitshalo, uhlobo lomhlabathi, ubukhulu bokusetshenziswa kwezolimo, kanye nokuba khona kwemithombo engaba khona yokungcola. Lonke lolu lwazi luyingxenye yedathabheyisi ezosetshenziswa ukwenza lokhu. Qhathanisa lesi sikhungo sokukhosela nezinye izindawo zomlando lapho uhlobo lwaluhlala khona futhi namuhla olubonisa ukuwohloka okukhulu.
Ubani obangela uphenyo
Lo msebenzi uholwa ochwepheshe abavela Ilebhu ye-Environmental Microbiology evela ku-Faculty of Higher Studies Iztacala (UNAM), eholwa usosayensi Diego de Jesus Chaparro HerreraIthimba lihlanganisa izazi zezinto eziphilayo ezingochwepheshe be-herpetology, i-ecology yezindawo ezimanzi, kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi, ezihlanganyele ndawonye ukuze zibhale phansi lokhu kutholwa kabusha.
Ngesikhathi sohambo, kwasetshenziswa okulandelayo: izindlela zokubuka ngqo kuhlanganiswe namasu okuthatha amasampula emanzini ase-Altiplano lapho kwakusolwa khona ukuthi kukhona i-axolotl. Nakuba kulokhu ukutholakala kwenzeke echibini lokwenziwa, kuyingxenye yesu elibanzi lokuhlola ezindaweni ezahlukene zengxenye ephakathi yezwe.
Imiphumela etholakele ayigcini nje ngokuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwaleli nani labantu, kodwa futhi dala kabusha imephu yokusabalalisa lolu hlobo, eminyakeni yamuva nje olwalubhekwa njengoluvinjelwe kakhulu ezindaweni ezithile zezifundazwe zaseMexico naseHidalgo. Ukuvela kabusha eQuerétaro kubonisa ukuthi kusenezinhlobo ezazingaqashelwanga ngesikhathi sokuqapha kwangaphambilini.
Uphenyo lunohlelo okungenani iminyaka emine yokusebenza okuqhubekayoEsigabeni sokuqala, kuzobekwa phambili ukuqoqa idatha yezemvelo kanye nezempilo; ezigabeni zakamuva, umgomo kuzoba ukusebenzisa izinyathelo eziqondile zokulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwendawo yokuhlala, kusetshenziswa ulwazi oluqoqwe kwamanye amaphrojekthi nama-axolotl eMexico.
Isilwane esiphila emanzini nasemhlabeni esifanekisela futhi esisongelwa
I-axolotl yaseHighlands iyi- i-salamander itholakala eMexico ephakathiNgokomlando ihlotshaniswa nezindawo ezinamanzi abandayo emahlathini anesimo sezulu esifudumele, ezindaweni ezinotshani, kanye nemifudlana yezintaba, iqoshwe ezifundazweni ezifana neQuerétaro, iHidalgo, iPuebla, iGuanajuato, iMorelos, kanye neVeracruz, yize emashumini eminyaka amuva nje ukuba khona kwayo kuye kwehla kwaba yizindawo ezimbalwa ezikude.
Uhlobo luhlukaniswa ngokuthi engozini yokuqothulwaikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuwohloka kwezindawo zokuhlala. Phakathi kwezinsongo ezivame kakhulu ukugawulwa kwamahlathi, ukwanda kwamadolobha, ukungcola kwemifula namachibi, ukusetshenziswa kabi kwamanzi, kanye nezinguquko ekusetshenzisweni komhlaba, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zemvelo zezintaba zengxenye ephakathi yezwe.
Igama layo lesayensi, I-Ambystoma velasciIhlonipha isazi semvelo saseMexico kanye nomdwebi uJosé Velasco Gómez, umuntu obalulekile ocwaningweni lwezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Ngaphezu kokubaluleka kwayo kwemvelo, i-axolotl ye-Altiplano inengxenye enamandla. amasiko nesayensi, njengoba kuyisibonelo somzimba socwaningo ngokuvuselelwa kwezicubu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kombungu.
Ezindaweni eziningi lapho la ma-salamander ayehlala khona, ukuhlaziywa kwamanzi kwamuva nje kuye kwembula amazinga aphezulu amabhaktheriya kanye nezinto ezingcolisayokanye nokuba khona kwezinhlobo ezethulwayo ezincintisana ngokudla noma ezondla ama-axolotl. Ngakho-ke, ukusinda kwenani labantu eliphilayo endaweni yezolimo ehlukanisiwe kubaluleke kakhulu.
Izinselele ezivelele kanye nezinyathelo zokuvikela ezingaba khona
Naphezu kwezindaba ezinhle, ochwepheshe baphikelela ukuthi I-axolotl ye-Altiplano isesesimeni esibucayiUkutholakala kwalezi zinhlobo akusho ukuthi lolu hlobo alusekho engozini, kodwa kunalokho kusho ukuthi kusenendawo yokwenza okuthile uma izindawo ezimbalwa zokuphephela ezisele esifundeni zivikelwe.
Esinye seziphakamiso ezikhona etafuleni ukukhuthaza ukuqashelwa kwendawo lapho ichibi lokwenziwa likhona njenge Indawo Yemvelo EvikelweLolu hlobo lwelungiselelo luzovumela ukwabiwa kwezinsiza zomphakathi kanye nokusungulwa kwemithetho ecacile mayelana nokusetshenziswa kwamanzi, izinhlobo zezitshalo ezitshalwayo, kanye nemisebenzi engenziwa ezindaweni ezizungezile ngaphandle kokubeka engcupheni uhlelo lwemvelo.
Abacwaningi bakhombisa ukuthi leli nani lingasebenza njenge izinhlobo zesambulelaOkusho ukuthi, ukuze kusebenze njengempikiswano yokuvikela hhayi nje kuphela ama-axolotl, kodwa nezinye izitshalo nezilwane ezihlala endaweni efanayo. Ngale ndlela, izinqubomgomo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo zizoba nomthelela obanzi ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasendaweni.
Izinyathelo eziphakanyisiwe zifaka phakathi ukulawula ukungcolaLezi zenzo zifaka phakathi ukuphathwa kwamanzi okunisela okuthuthukisiwe, ukunciphisa ukuchitheka kwamanzi echibini, kanye nokuqaliswa kwezinhlelo zemfundo yezemvelo kubalimi kanye nemiphakathi eseduze. Ukubamba iqhaza kweziphathimandla zikamasipala, zesifundazwe kanye nezesifundazwe kubhekwa njengokubalulekile ukuze le mizamo iqhubeke.
Okwenzekile e-Amealco de Bonfil kubonisa ukuthi, ngisho nangemva kweminyaka eminingi engenamarekhodi, ezinye izinhlobo ezisengozini Bangaqhubeka nokumelana ezindaweni ezingabonakali zezweUkuvela kabusha kwe-axolotl ezindaweni eziphakeme zaseQuerétaro kuchazwa njengokuvusa inkumbulo mayelana ubuthakathaka bezindawo zemvelo zezintaba futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, njengethuba lokuqinisa ukubambisana phakathi kwesayensi, abaphathi kanye nabantu bendawo ekuvikelweni kwezindawo zokugcina zokuphephela emanzini enkabeni yeMexico.
