Inhlanzi emuncayo ehambisana nemisebe ye-manta ifihla umlando oyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunalokho eyayibonakala ekuqaleni. Sekungamashumi eminyaka, ama-remora ayecatshangwa ukuthi “angabantu abavamile abahamba ngezinyawo” basemanzini abahlanza isikhumba sabantu ababaphethe ukuze bagibele mahhala, kodwa okubonwe muva nje kwembule ukuziphatha okumangazayo nokungahlaliseki: lezi zinhlanzi zingangena ngemuva kwemisebe ye-manta, endaweni ebucayi njenge-cloaca.
Lokhu kushintsha kombono ngobudlelwano phakathi kwe-suckerfish kanye nemisebe ye-manta kuvela kumavidiyo ambalwa, izithombe, kanye namarekhodi esayensi aqoqwe eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi ezilwandle ezahlukene. Lokho okwaqala njengesifiso sokufunda esisodwa—i-remora engena ekuvulekeni kwe-manta ray—ekugcineni kube uphawu olucacile lokuthi ubudlelwano bokubambisana phakathi kwalezi zinhlobo ezimbili bungaba obungenampilo, futhi bube sengozini ye-parasitism kwezinye izimo.
Ziyini izinhlanzi i-remora noma i-suckerfish futhi zinamathela kanjani kubabungazi bazo?
AmaRemora (umndeni wama-Echeneidae) ayizinhlanzi ezinde, ezinamanzi amaningi eziye zakha indlela ehlukile yokwakheka komzimba: idiski yokumunca etholakala phezulu kwekhanda lawo, eyakhiwe ngephiko eliguquliwe lomgogodla. Lesi sakhiwo sisebenza njengendebe yokumunca yemvelo, esizivumela ukuthi zinamathele ngokuqinile emizimbeni yezilwane ezinkulu zasolwandle njengoba zihamba ngesivinini esikhulu.
Ngenxa yale disc yokumunca, ama-remora azinamathisela koshaka, imikhomo (eqinisweni, kunerekhodi lama -remora agxumagxuma emikhomeni yama-humpback ), izimfudu zasolwandle, amahlengethwa, kanye nemisebe , futhi ahamba amabanga amakhulu ngaphandle kokusebenzisa amandla awo amaningi ekubhukudeni okusebenzayo. Luhlelo lokuhamba olusebenza kahle kakhulu: esikhundleni sokubhukuda ngokumelene nemisinga, abambelela ezinkulwini zasolwandle esezenza lowo mzamo kakade.
Inzuzo eyinhloko yama-remora iphindwe kathathu : ukufinyelela njalo ezingcezu zokudla eziwela emlonyeni wezilwane ezihlala kuzo, ikhono lokudla izilokazane ezincane kanye nemfucumfucu etholakala esikhumbeni, kanye nokuvikelwa ezitheni, njengoba ukuhamba eceleni koshaka noma i-manta ray enkulu akuyona indlela embi yokuvimbela ukuhlaselwa.
Lobu budlelwano buvame ukubhekwa njengobuhambisanayo noma obuhambisanayo . Ku-mutualism, zombili izinhlobo ziyazuza; ku-commensalism, inzuzo eyodwa kuphela ngaphandle kokubangela umonakalo omkhulu kwenye. Endabeni yakudala yama-remora, kwakucatshangwa ukuthi imisebe yama-manta nezinye izilwane ezinkulu zithola ukuhlanzwa kwesikhumba esikhanyayo nokususwa kwama-ectoparasites, kuyilapho ama-remora ethola ukudla, indawo yokuhlala, kanye nokuhamba.
Kodwa-ke, idiski yokumunca ayiyona ingozi ngaso sonke isikhathi . Le ndlela efanayo yokunamathisela ingabangela ukukhuhlana, amanxeba amancane, noma izindawo ezicasukile esikhumbeni somuntu ophethe, ikakhulukazi lapho izilwane eziningana ziqoqana ezindaweni ezibucayi noma lapho zinamathela ezindaweni lapho kukhona ukungqubuzana okuqhubekayo okuvela kugesi noma ukunyakaza kwamaphiko.
Ubudlelwano obujwayelekile phakathi kwe-manta ray-remora: ukuhlanza, ukuhamba, kanye nokuvikela
Esimweni esithile semisebe ye-manta, ukuhlala kwayo ndawonye ne-remoras sekuyisikhathi eside kuchazwa njengesibonelo esivamile sokusebenzisana "kokuhlanza nokuthutha". Ama-Manta anendawo enkulu lapho ama-remora anganamathela khona kalula futhi azungeze amatshe, iziteshi, kanye nezindawo zolwandle ezicebile ngokudla.
AmaRemora avame ukudla ama-ectoparasites, izingcezu zokudla, kanye nendle etholakala emizimbeni yemisebe ye-manta noma eduze kwayo. Lokhu kusiza, okungenani ngokombono, ukugcina isikhumba semisebe ye-manta singenazo izinto eziphilayo ezingafuneki. Ngakho-ke, ababhali abaningi bahlukanise lobu buhlobo njengobunye, ngezinga elithile lenzuzo yemisebe ye-manta.
Kodwa-ke, ukuqaphela okuhlukahlukene kuye kwacaca ukuthi imisebe ye-manta ayibonakali ijabule njalo ngokuba khona kwalezi zinhlanzi ezincanyana. Kuye kwabhalwa phansi ukuziphatha lapho ama-manta egxuma khona emanzini, ehlikihla phansi kwesihlabathi, noma enza ukunyakaza okungazelelwe ngamaphiko awo, ngokusobala ezama ukususa izindawo zawo ezivalekile.
Ucwaningo lwangaphambilini lwase luvele lukhombe izinkinga zamandla : lapho ama-remora amaningi kakhulu enamathele emzimbeni wesilwane esikhulu, kwandisa ukumelana nokunyakaza emanzini. Lokhu kuphoqa umninimzi ukuthi asebenzise amandla amaningi ukuze alondoloze isivinini, into engenza umehluko phakathi kokuthola ukudla okwanele noma cha.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-remora avame ukuhlala ezindaweni lapho umsinga ubuthakathaka khona —isibonelo, eduze kwesisekelo samafin noma ezindaweni ezivikelekile kakhulu ekuphazamisekeni—ukuze ahambe ngomzamo omncane kakhulu. Lo mkhuba wokufuna “izindawo ezikhululekile” emzimbeni we-manta ray uzoba yisihluthulelo sokuqonda ukuziphatha okweqile kakhulu okusanda kutholwa.
Ukutholakala "kokuntywila kwe-cloacal" emisebeni ye-manta
Isiqephu esishintshe indaba mayelana ne-suckerfish kanye nemisebe ye-manta sivela ocwaningweni lwamazwe ngamazwe olwanyatheliswa kuyi-Ecology and Evolution, oluholwa ngumcwaningi u-Emily Yeager woMnyango We-Marine Biology and Ecology eNyuvesi yaseMiami. Lo msebenzi ulandisa ngokuziphatha okungavamile abakubize ngokuthi “ukuntywila kwe-cloacal.”
Isiqalo sasiyinto eyayibonakala ihlukile : umuntu obhukudayo wayebhukuda eduze kwe-Atlantic manta ray endala (i-Mobula yarae) eFlorida lapho ebona i-common remora (i-Remora remora) ibhukuda eduze kwamaphiko esilwane esingaphansi. Ukuba khona kwalowo obhukudayo kwabonakala kushaqisa i-suckerfish.
Ngemizuzwana embalwa, i-remora yagijimela ngasemngxunyeni we-cloacal we-manta ray yangena ngokushesha. I-cloaca iyisitho esisodwa esenza imisebenzi ebalulekile kulezi zilwane njengokuzala, ukuzala (kufaka phakathi ukuzalwa kwezinsikazi eziphilayo), kanye nokususwa kwemfucuza. Ngakho-ke, iyindawo ebaluleke kakhulu ngokomzimba.
Ividiyo nezithombe zalesi sigameko zibonisa umsebe we-manta usabela ngokuthuthumela okufushane noma ukuthuthumela emzimbeni wawo wonke, uhlobo lokuthuthumela olubonisa ukungakhululeki noma ngisho nobuhlungu. Naphezu kwalokhu, lesi silwane siyaqhubeka nokubhukuda ne-remora engaphakathi kwe-cloaca yaso, singakwazi ukuzikhulula kalula.
UYeager nethimba lakhe bamangala kakhulu lapho bebuyekeza okuqoshiwe. Umqondo wokuthi inhlanzi encanyana ingasebenzisa i-cloaca yomniniyo njengendawo yokucasha awuzange uvumelane nombono wendabuko wobudlelwano obungenangozi noma ngisho "nokuhlanza". Lokhu kuziphatha kwaphakamisa imibuzo ngokushesha mayelana nokulimala ngokomzimba okungenzeka kanye nemiphumela yokuzala emisebeni ye-manta.
Ukuziphatha okungajwayelekile, kodwa okubhalwe phansi ezilwandle eziningana
Kunokuba kube yisigameko esingavamile, uYeager wanquma ukuphenya —kulokhu ngokomfanekiso—ezingobo zomlando zezithombe nedatha ezivela ezinhlanganweni ezahlukene ezigxile emisebeni ye-manta, njengeMarine Megafauna Foundation kanye neManta Trust. Umgomo kwakuwukuthola ukuthi ngabe kukhona yini amacala afanayo, angabonwanga phakathi kwezinkulungwane zezithombe namavidiyo aqoqwe eminyakeni edlule.
Umphumela waba ukuhlonza iziqephu eziyisikhombisa ezicacile “zokucwiliswa kwe-cloacal” eziqoshwe phakathi kuka-2010 no-2025 ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene njengeFlorida, iMozambique, kanye neMaldives. Lezi zinhlelo zibonisa konke kusukela emisileni ye-remora ephuma kancane emngxunyeni we-cloacal kuya ezinhlanzini ezifihlwe cishe ngokuphelele emzimbeni womsebe we-manta.
Lokhu okubonwe kuhlanganisa zonke izinhlobo ezintathu ze-manta ray ezichazwe njengamanje (i-Mobula yarae, i-M. birostris, kanye ne-M. alfredi) futhi kuhlanganisa kokubili amasampula amancane nabadala. Enye yama-manta ahlaba umxhwele kakhulu, aqanjwe ngokuthi “uNkz. Pac-Man” ngabacwaningi, yabonwa eSouth Florida nomsila we-remora ophuma ku-cloaca yayo ezithombeni eziningana ezithathwe ngo-Okthoba 2025.
Ukusabalala kwendawo kanye nobubanzi bezinhlobo ezihilelekile kusikisela ukuthi lokhu kuziphatha akuyona into engavamile endaweni, kodwa kuyindlela engaba khona esakazeke kabanzi, yize ingavamile noma kunzima ukuyibona ngqo. Abalobi bagcizelela ukuthi kokubili imisebe yama-manta kanye nama-remora yizilwane ezihamba kakhulu, okwenza kube nzima ukuzilandelela isikhathi eside ngokwanele ukuze kutholakale lezi zikhathi ezithile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-remora ivame ukuhlala ifihliwe ngokuphelele ngaphakathi kwe-cloaca noma ihlale ingxenye yayo kuphela, kanti ingxenye encane yomsila wayo ibonakala. Ngesikhathi sokuntywila okufushane noma ezimweni ezingabonakali kahle, isimo esinjalo singanakwa kalula, ngakho-ke inani langempela lemicimbi yokuntywila ye-cloacal cishe liphakeme kunezimo eziyisikhombisa ezirekhodiwe.
Ngale kwe-cloaca: ama-remoras kuma-gill nakwezinye izimbobo
Ucwaningo alugcinanga nje ngokuqopha ama-remora angena ngepayipi lamanzi angcolileOkungenani esimeni esisodwa, abacwaningi bathole i-remora ivalelwe embotsheni yama-gill ye-manta ray elimele, kanti nezinhlanzi ezincane kakhulu ze-suckerfish nazo zibonwe emihumeni yama-gill. de peces iseyili kanye nemivimbo ethile.
Ama-gill ayizakhiwo ezibucayi kakhulu futhi ezibalulekile , abangela ukushintshana kwegesi kanye, ngokuvamile, ukuphefumula kwesilwane. I-remora ehlala kule ndawo idala ingozi eyengeziwe, njengoba i-sucker icindezela izicubu ezibuthakathaka ezingaklanyelwe ukumelana nokunamathela isikhathi eside.
UBrooke Flammang, isazi sezinto eziphilayo eNew Jersey Institute of Technology , ukhombe ukuthi ukumunca okuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezibucayi njenge-cloacal noma indawo ye-gill kungabangela ukulimala okukhulu, kuphazamise izinqubo zokuzala, ukuzalwa kwabantwana kanye nokuxoshwa kwendle, kanye nemiphumela yesikhathi eside empilweni yemisebe ye-manta.
Eminye imisebenzi ecashunwe nguYeager isivele ikhulume ngezinkomba ezifanayo : izifundo ngoshaka bemikhomo zichaze ukuba khona kwama-remora ku-cloaca, kanti eminye imibiko ehlukanisiwe iphakamise ukuthi ezinye izilwane ezincane kakhulu zingangena ezimbotsheni zangaphakathi zezinye izinhlanzi ezinkulu ze-pelagic.
Konke lokhu okubonwe kusiza ekudwebeni isithombe esiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu sobudlelwano "bokuhlanza" obucatshangelwayo phakathi kwama-remora kanye nabantu abawaphethe. Lapho i-suckerfish isebenzisa imigodi yangaphakathi njengendawo yokukhosela, iyeka ukulala nje esikhumbeni bese iqala ukusebenzisana nezakhiwo zomzimba ezibalulekile.
Kungani ama-remora engena ku-cloaca yemisebe yama-manta?
Umbuzo omkhulu ophakamayo ukuthi yini ezuzwa yi-remoras kulokhu kuziphatha . Inkolelo-mbono eyinhloko kaYeager nozakwabo ukuthi lokhu kucwila kwe-cloacal kusebenza njengesu lokuphephela ezinsongweni ezisheshayo, njengezilwane ezidla ezinye noma, kwezinye izimo, indlela yomcwilisi.
Kwenye yamavidiyo ahlaziyiwe, ukulandelana kucacile : umtshuzi usondela ngemuva komsebe omdala we-manta; i-remora iyakubona lokhu kungena bese isabela ngokunyakaza okusheshayo ukuze izibeke endaweni yesinqe, lapho ingena khona ngqo ku-cloaca. Kuyisenzo sokuphunyuka esiphakamisa ukufuna ukuvikelwa ngokuphuthumayo.
Ngokombono we-remora, ukuphephela emgodini wangaphakathi kungasho umehluko phakathi kokudliwa nokusinda. Ngaphakathi kwe-manta ray, ihlala ingafinyeleleki ngqo ezitha eziningi futhi, ngesikhathi esifanayo, ihlala ihlotshaniswa nomnikazi wayo, igcina ezinye zezinzuzo zobudlelwano be-symbiotic.
Kodwa-ke, nge-manta ray, indaba imbi kakhulu . Inhlanzi ehlala ku-cloaca ingabangela ukungakhululeki ngokomzimba okuqhubekayo, ukukhwehlela, amanxeba amancane angaphakathi, kanye, okukhathazayo kakhulu, izithiyo zesikhashana zokusebenza eziphazamisa ukuzala, ukuzalwa kwamancane aphilayo, noma ukuhuda.
UDavid Shiffman, isazi sezinto eziphilayo zokulondolozwa kolwandle , uchaze indlela asabela ngayo kulezi zinto ezibonwe njengengxube yokwesaba nokwesaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ikhono lama-remora lokusebenzisa lezi zingxenyana zomzimba liyathakazelisa ngokombono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo; ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukucabanga ukuthi lokhu kusho ukuthini ngomsebe we-manta akujabulisi neze.
Kusukela ku-mutualism kuya ku-parasitism: ukuqhubeka kobudlelwano bokubambisana
Icala lama-remora ngaphakathi kwe-cloaca yemisebe yama-manta liphoqe ukuthi kucatshangelwe kabusha indlela ubudlelwano be-symbiotic olwandle obuhlukaniswa ngayo. Ngokwesiko, kwakukhona izigaba ezichazwe kahle: i-mutualism (wonke umuntu uyawina), i-commensalism (eyodwa iyawina kanti enye ayiwini futhi ayilahlekelwa), kanye ne-parasitism (eyodwa iyawina ngokulimaza enye).
UYeager uthi lobu budlelwano bufanelana kangcono ngaphakathi kwe-continuum eguquguqukayo kunezigaba eziqinile. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili ezifanayo zingaziphatha ngendlela efanayo ezimweni ezithile futhi zibe ne-parasitic kwezinye, kuye ngezici ezifana nenani lama-remora, ubukhulu bawo, indawo eqondile lapho enamathela khona, kanye nesimo somzimba sombungazi.
Ezimweni eziningi zansuku zonke, ama-remora ahamba nje enamathele ebusweni bomsebe we-manta ngaphandle kokubangela noma yikuphi ukulimala okubonakalayo noma ukuthonya kakhulu ukuziphatha kwawo. Kulezi zimo, ubuhlobo bufana kakhulu ne-commensalism yakudala: iqembu elilodwa lithola izinzuzo ezicacile, kuyilapho umthelela omubi kwelinye ubonakala umncane noma kunzima ukuwubona ngeso lenyama.
Kodwa uma i-remora ingena ku-cloaca noma ama-gill , ibhalansi ishintshela ku-parasitism. Inzuzo ihlala ne-remora (ukuvikelwa okukhulu, ukufinyelela okungenzeka ezinsizeni ezengeziwe), kuyilapho i-manta ray ibekezelela ukungakhululeki ngokomzimba, ingozi yokulimala kwezicubu, kanye nezinkinga ezingaba khona ngemisebenzi eyisisekelo njengokuzala noma ukukhipha.
UYeager uqhathanisa lolu hlobo lobuhlobo obushintshayo nokuguquguquka komndeni wabantu : isikhathi esiningi ukubambisana nokusekela kuyabusa, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi kuvela izingxabano ezidala ukungezwani. Ngokufanayo, kule miphakathi yemvelo, izigaba ezizuzisayo zingahlala ndawonye nezigaba eziyingozi ngokusobala ngaphakathi kokuxhumana okufanayo.
Indlela yokusebenza: iminyaka yezithombe, ama-drone, kanye nokuqashelwa komuntu ngamunye
Ucwaningo oluveze ukuthi ukucwila emanzini acwebezelayo akusekelwe kumavidiyo ambalwa ahlukene , kodwa emzamweni omkhulu wokuqoqa idatha wesikhathi eside. Izinhlangano ezifana neMarine Megafauna Foundation kanye neManta Trust ziqoqe izinkulungwane zezithombe, amavidiyo aqoshiwe, ukucwila emanzini acwebezelayo, kanye nezindiza ze-drone ezigxile ekubukeni imisebe ye-manta endaweni yazo yemvelo eminyakeni edlule.
Elinye lamathuluzi abalulekile kube ukuhlonza abantu ngokusebenzisa amaphethini amachashazi ahlukile ngaphansi kwemisebe ye-manta. Ngenxa yalezi "zigxivizo zeminwe" ezinombala, ososayensi bangakwazi ukulandelela abantu abathile ngokuhamba kwesikhathi futhi babone izinguquko esimweni sabo somzimba, ekuziphatheni kwabo, kanye nasekusebenzisaneni nezinye izinto eziphilayo, njenge-remoras.
Phakathi kwaleyo nqolobane enkulu ebonakalayo, izithombe ezithile zaqala ukuheha ukunaka, zibonisa umsila omncane wenhlanzi ophuma endaweni ye-cloacal noma ama-gill. Ekuqaleni, lokhu kungenzeka kwabonakala njengemininingwane engabalulekile, kodwa njengoba amacala afanayo eqongelela futhi eqhathaniswa namavidiyo, kwacaca ukuthi lokhu kwakuyindlela yokuziphatha ephindaphindayo.
Ukuhlaziywa okuhlelekile kwalezi zinto kuthole iziqephu eziyisikhombisa zokucwiliswa kwe-cloacal kanye necala elengeziwe le-remora efakwe embotsheni yegill, konke kusesimweni semvelo futhi ngaphandle kokungenela komuntu. Ukusatshalaliswa kwazo olwandle oluhlukene kanye nezinhlobo kwaqinisa umqondo wokuthi lokhu kwakungeyona into eyingqayizivele ethinta abantu abathile kuphela.
Nokho, ucwaningo luyavuma imikhawulo embalwa ebalulekile : isikhathi esiqondile sokuhlala kwe-remora ngaphakathi kwe-cloaca asaziwa, ukulimala kwangaphakathi okungenzeka isikhathi eside akukakalwanga ngokuqondile, futhi ukuvama kwalokhu kuziphatha endle akukaqinisekiswa ngokunembile. Lena yimibuzo evulekile edinga amasu okuqapha engeziwe kanye mhlawumbe nezindlela ezintsha zokuziphatha zokutadisha lezi zilwane.
Imiphumela yebhayoloji kanye nokulondolozwa kwemisebe ye-manta
Ukuqonda ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-suckerfish kanye ne-manta ray akuyona nje into ebangela ilukuluku lebhayoloji; futhi kunemiphumela yokulondolozwa. I-Manta ray iyingxenye yamaqembu asengozini futhi, ezindaweni eziningi, ingaphansi kwengcindezi yokudoba, ukuwohloka kwendawo yokuhlala, kanye nokuphazamiseka kwabantu.
Uma ukuba khona kwama-remoras ezimbotsheni zangaphakathi kuthinta ukuzala —ngokuvimbela ukuzala, ukukhulelwa, noma ukuzalwa—umthelela ungandiswa ezinhlotsheni ezisengozini kakade. Ngisho nokwanda okuncane kokufa kwezingane noma ukwehla kokuzala kungaba nemiphumela yesikhathi eside ezinhlotsheni ezinemijikelezo yokuphila ehamba kancane.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukusetshenziswa kwamandla okwenyuka okuhlobene nemithwalo ephezulu ye-remora kunganciphisa ikhono lemisebe ye-manta lokuhamba phakathi kokudla nezindawo zokuzalela, noma kuyenze ibe bucayi kakhulu ekushintsheni kokutholakala kwezinsiza. Konke lokhu kunezela ekucindezelekeni kolwandle olushintsha ngenxa yokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nemisebenzi yabantu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-remora abonakala eguquguqukayo kakhulu futhi, ngandlela-thile, abenza imisebenzi yezemvelo abanamathuba amaningi kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili. Ikhono lawo lokubona izindawo zokuphephela zomzimba futhi asebenzise ngokugcwele izinzuzo zabanikazi bawo lisikisela umlando wokuziphendukela kwemvelo ocwengekile kakhulu, lapho umngcele phakathi "kokuhlanza" okulula kanye ne-parasitism esebenzayo ufiphele kakhulu.
Uma zihlanganiswa, lezi zitholelo zisimema ukuthi siphinde sihlole ezinye izimo eziningi zobudlelwano basolwandle eziye zachazwa njengezingenangozi noma ezizuzisayo. Kungenzeka ukuthi, ngokunaka kakhulu imininingwane kanye neminyaka eminingi yokubuka, ukuziphatha okufanayo kuzovela kwezinye izinhlobo ezimbili esasizithatha kalula ngaphambili.
Ekugcineni, ubudlelwano phakathi kwe-suckerfish kanye nemisebe ye-manta bufana kakhulu nokuphila ndawonye okuyinkimbinkimbi nokunemininingwane eminingi kunesivumelwano nje esithi "Ngizokuhlanza, wena ungithwale". Ngezinye izikhathi kuyazuzisa kokubili, kwezinye kuyawuthanda ngokusobala u-remora futhi kungaba yinkinga yangempela ku-manta, ikakhulukazi lapho inhlanzi inquma ukuphephela ezindaweni ezibucayi njenge-cloaca noma ama-gill.
