Namuhla sizokhuluma ngesinye sezidalwa zasolwandle ezithakazelisa kakhulu emhlabeni: ihhashi lasolwandle . Lezi zilwane zinokubukeka okumangalisayo nokungavamile okuzihlukanisa nezinye izidalwa ezihlala olwandle nasolwandle. Ziyathandeka futhi ziyathandwa ngabantu ngenxa yokubukeka kwazo okunobungane. Igama elithi "ihhashi lasolwandle" livela ekufaneni okunamandla kobuso balo nobehhashi.
Uma ufuna ukufunda konke mayelana nebhayoloji kanye nezici zehashe lasolwandle, sizokutshela konke lapha
Izici eziyinhloko
Ama-seahorse anempumulo evelele ewasiza ukuba adle kalula. Lesi ngesinye sezici ezenza abonakale kalula. Nakuba engebona ababhukudi abahle, angasinda kahle kwezinye izindawo zasolwandle. Cishe njalo angabonakala ephumula futhi ezulazula, njengoba ekhathala ngokushesha ngenxa yokubhukuda.
Ukudla kwabo okuyinhloko kwakhiwe ama-zooplankton crustaceans amancane nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla, ezizimunca ngekhala lazo elishubhu ngokuhamba ngokushesha kwekhanda lazo. Bangaphinde badle izibungu de peces ngezikhathi ezithile, kodwa ukudla kwabo kubuswa ama-mysids nama-copepods. Zingatholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle nezilwandle zomhlaba, nakuba zihlala ezindaweni ezingashoni. Njengoba bengebona ababhukudi abanekhono, bayohlale betholakala ezindaweni ezingashoni lapho mancane amathuba okuba bahlaselwe izilwane ezidla ezinye.
Zivame ukuhlangana nendawo ezizungezile ukuze zizifihle ezidla ezinye izilwane ezingase zibe khona, yingakho kunzima ukuzibona. Zithanda amanzi afudumele. Akuvamile ukubona ihhashi lasolwandle ngqo ngaphandle kokuthi ucwila bese liza ngqo kuwe. Uhlobo oluncane kakhulu lwalezi zilwane lungaba yi-intshi eyodwa ubude. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinhlobo ezinkulu kakhulu zingafinyelela kumasentimitha angu-8, ngakho-ke zibhekwa njengezilwane ezincane kakhulu.
Cishe izinhlobo ezingamashumi amahlanu zamahashi asolwandle ngaphakathi kohlobo lweHippocampus ziye zatholakala kulo lonke olwandle nasolwandle , yize zinezici ezifanayo. Kunomehluko ophawulekayo ovumela ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo. Ezinye izinhlobo zinekhono lokushintsha umbala ukuze zihlangane kangcono nendawo ezizungezile, ikhono elifana nele-chameleon.
Izinsalela ze-seahorse azivamile, kodwa ezindala kakhulu zibonisa umlando omude kakhulu wokuziphendukela kwemvelo . Ngakho-ke, ziyizidalwa eziye zavela futhi zahlala lapha isikhathi eside.
Izici ezibalulekile zomzimba : imizimba yazo ayinazo izikali, esikhundleni salokho inezindandatho zamapuleti amathambo asebenza njengezivikelo; zigcina ukuma okuqondile , okuhlukile phakathi kwezinhlanzi; azinazo izimpiko ze-pelvic kanye ne-caudal, futhi ziziqhubezela ngephiko lazo langemuva , elishaya izikhathi eziningana ngomzuzwana, kuyilapho izimpiko ze-pectoral zizinzisa indlela yazo. Umsila wazo oqinile, ogoqekile uzivumela ukuba zinamathele kuma-corals, ama-gorgonians, kanye nama-macroalgae.
Izinzwa nokuxhumana : Amehlo azo ahamba ngokuzimela , enza ngcono ukubonwa kwezisulu. Akhiqiza imisindo yokuchofoza ngenkathi edla futhi ngesikhathi sokuthandana ngokuhlikihla izakhiwo zekhanda ndawonye, umsindo ozwakala ngisho nasezindaweni zasemanzini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-biofluorescence eluhlaza, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma obomvu iye yabonwa emabala noma emigqeni emzimbeni wezinhlobo eziningana.
Indlela Yokuphila
Ososayensi bakholelwa ukuthi lezi zilwane zithuthuke zaphila emanzini angajulile ngenxa yekhono lazo elimangalisayo lokuhlangana nendawo ezizungezile. Azizona izibhukudi ezinamandla kakhulu, ngakho uma isilwane esizidlayo sizibona, zibanjwa kalula. Ngakho-ke, zithembele kakhulu ekhonweni lazo lokuzifihla ngemibala ehlukene yendawo ezihlala kuyo.
Ama-seahorse esilisa athwala amaqanda lapho amaphuphu azochamisela khona. Lokhu kuhluke ngokuphelele kulokho okuvame ukubonakala emvelweni. Ngokuvamile, yizinsikazi ezithwala amaqanda lapho amaphuphu azochamisela khona. Kulokhu, iduna kungathiwa "likhulelwe" futhi yilo elithwala amaphuphu esiswini salo . Ukuzalana kwawo kuyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, njengoba kunjalo nayo yonke inqubo yawo yokuzala.
Ama-seahorse awakwazi ukugcinwa njengezilwane ezifuywayo, njengoba engezona izilwane ezikwazi ukuzivumelanisa kahle nokuthunjwa. Amaningi afa ngenxa yamazinga aphezulu okucindezeleka okubangelwa ukuthunjwa isikhathi eside. Lezi zimo ezifanayo ziwenza abe sengozini enkulu yokugula. Nakuba ukuwagcina ezindaweni zobungcweti ezinezinhlobo ezithile kanye nezinqubo ezithile kungenzeka, akunakwenzeka ezindaweni zokuhlala ezivamile.
Kunezilwane eziningi ezidla ezinye izilwane zemvelo ezihlasela amahashi asolwandle ngoba kulula ukuwadla. Uma esebona elilodwa, kulula ukuwabamba. Phakathi kwezilwane ezidla ezinye ezisongela lezi zilwane kukhona imisebe, imisebe ye-manta, izinkalankala, amaphengwini , nezinye izinhlanzi ze-pelagic. Kodwa-ke, isimo sezulu siyisidalwa esibaluleke kakhulu kunanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izimo zemvelo zibaluleke kakhulu futhi zinquma ukusinda kwamahashi amaningi asolwandle amadala.
Ukuziphatha kanye nomsebenzi : Iningi labo lisebenza kakhulu emini futhi libonisa umsebenzi ophakeme ekuseni, lapho benza "umdanso wabo wokwamukela" nabangane babo. Bahlala ezindaweni eziphansi, benokuxhumana okuhlelekile kwezenhlalo kanye nendawo. Babonisa ukwethembeka endaweni engaphansi komhlaba (i-algae, i-gorgonian, i-cape) lapho bezungeza khona, futhi bangatholakala ngokuphindaphindiwe endaweni efanayo. Ukuhlakazeka kulinganiselwe, futhi iziphepho zingabahambisa amabanga amade bebambelele emfucumfucwini entantayo.
Izinsongo zolwandle
Njengoba sishilo, isimo sezulu singenye yezimbangela ezinkulu zokubulala amahashi asolwandle amadala. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi, njengoba engabhukudi kahle, awakwazi ukumelana nezinye zezimo zomkhathi ezimbi kakhulu, njengamanzi agubhayo. Uma amanzi ehamba njalo futhi edala imisinga enamandla, akunakwenzeka ukuthi ihashi lasolwandle, elinekhono lalo lokubhukuda elibi, lisinde. Liyakhathala ngenxa yokubhukuda ngokushesha futhi kufanele liphumule. Yilapho-ke likhukhulwa khona bese ligcina lifile.
Ngakho-ke, zivame ukutholakala emanzini angajulile lapho kunokuthula khona lapho isimo sezulu sibi kakhulu. Esinye isongo esivame ukuqeda izimpilo zalezi zilwane amanetha okudoba ezentengiselwano . Umsebenzi wokudoba kanye nezindlela ezahlukene zokudoba kubangela ukufa kwezinkulungwane zamahashi olwandle minyaka yonke.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuwohloka kwendawo yokuhlala (ukuwohloka kwezindawo eziluhlaza olwandle, imihlume, kanye namadwala e-coral), ukungcola , kanye nokuhweba ngemithi yendabuko kanye nezindawo zokugcina amanzi kubeka ingcindezi ekwandeni kwazo. Izinhlobo eziningi zilawulwa yi-CITES, kanti eziningana zibhalwe ezigabeni ezisengozini yi-IUCN, kanye nezimo ezibucayi zezinhlobo ezinezindawo ezilinganiselwe kakhulu.
Kodwa-ke, amahashi asolwandle anikeza izinzuzo eziningi ezindaweni zemvelo. Omunye wemisebenzi yawo ukulawula ezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezincane nezilwane ezingenamgogodla. Njengoba lezi zilwane zifa kakhulu eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinhlobo ezazizilawula ziyanda kakhulu, okubangela ukungalingani kulezi zindawo.
Biology kanye curiosities
Abantu abaningi bayazibuza ukuthi bazibona kanjani izimbongolo zasolwandle. Ngenxa yokuthi zifihleke kahle, zicasha kalula futhi kunzima ukuzibona. Ukuze ugweme ukuziphazamisa endaweni yazo yemvelo, inketho engcono kakhulu ukuvakashela i-aquarium lapho zingabonakala khona ziboshiwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanele ukusinda kwazo. I-aquarium yasekhaya, njengesitsha sezinhlanzi, ayifani nobukhulu be-aquarium yezentengiselwano.
Phakathi kwamaqiniso athakazelisayo ngalezi zilwane yikhono lazo lokukhiqiza imisindo efana nomsindo wokuchofoza ngesikhathi sokudla kanye nokuqomisana. Le misindo yokuchofoza ibangelwa ukunyakaza kwezingxenye ezimbili zekhanda lazo zibhekene. Ama-seahorse awanayo isilinganiso sokuphila esibekiwe. Izinhlobo ezincane zivame ukuphila cishe unyaka owodwa , kanti ezinkulu zifinyelela isilinganiso seminyaka emithathu kuya kwemihlanu.
Ukukhanya kwe-biofluorescence nombala : Ukukhanya kwe-biofluorescence okunokukhishwa okuluhlaza, okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, noma okubomvu kumaphethini amachashazi noma ama-band kuye kwabonwa ezinhlotsheni eziningana . Izinguquko zombala zesikhathi esifushane zivame kakhulu ngesikhathi sokuthandana , kanti ngokuhamba kwesikhathi zithuthukisa imicu yesikhumba nemibala ephinda indawo ezizungezile.
I-physiology yokugaya ukudla : azinawo amazinyo nesisu , ngakho-ke zigwinya inyamazane yazo yonke futhi zidinga ukudla njalo ukuze zilungise ukugaya ukudla okungasebenzi kahle.
Izinzwa : Umuzwa wokuhogela utholakala ezimbotsheni zokuhogela ezihlunga amanzi, futhi umuzwa wokuzwa usebenzisa amathambo amancane abizwa ngokuthi ama-otolith ukuze abone ukudlidliza. Nakuba ezingela ngokubona, umuzwa wokuhogela usabalulekile.
I-Taxonomy, ukusatshalaliswa kanye nendawo yokuhlala
Ama-seahorse angaphansi kohlelo lwe -Syngnathiformes , umndeni we -Syngnathidae , kanye nohlobo lwe- Hippocampus , kanye ne-pipefish. Igama elithi Hippocampus livela kumagama esiGreki athi hippos (ihhashi) kanye ne -kampos (isilo sasolwandle), ngenxa yesimo sawo esihlukile. Uhlobo lohlobo luchazwa ezincwadini zakudala zezilwane.
Ukusabalala kwazo kuhlanganisa amanzi ashisayo nanesimo sezulu esipholile ase-Atlantic (kufaka phakathi uLwandle iMedithera ) kanye ne- Indo-Pacific , okukhetha izindawo ezingajulile. Zihlotshaniswa namadlelo otshani basolwandle , amahlathi e-mangrove , ama-macroalgae , ama-gorgonian, kanye nama-coral reefs . Zitholakala kakhulu ezindaweni ezivikelwe ezinezimpophoma ezibuthakathaka, yize amasampula ngezinye izikhathi eqoshwe ekujuleni okukhulu.
Ngokuphathelene nendawo yokuhlala, izindawo ezincane kakhulu ziye zachazwa : kwezinye izinhlobo, abesifazane bahlala ezindaweni ezingamashumi noma amakhulu ama-m², kuyilapho abesilisa bengase balinganiselwe ezindaweni eziseduze nokusekelwa kwabo, cishe imitha yesikwele elilodwa.
Isu lokudla kanye nokuzingela
Ama-seahorse ayizilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane . Abona inyamazane yawo ngamehlo awo ahambayo, asondela ngokunyakaza okuncane, futhi, uma enenyamazane yawo eduze, ayimunce ngamandla ngempumulo yawo enamathambo . Njengoba engenawo amazinyo nesisu, adinga ukudla njalo usuku lonke. Ukudla kwawo kufaka phakathi ama-mysid, ama-copepod, kanye nezinye izilwane ezincane ezivela e-zooplankton.
Ukuze zihlale ziphephile, zichitha isikhathi sazo esiningi ziboshelwe endaweni enemisila yazo , lapho zizingela khona ngempumelelo ngenxa yokufihla kwazo. Lo msebenzi okabili wokufihla— ukugwema izilwane ezidla ezinye nokubamba izilwane ezizingelayo —ungenye yezindlela zazo ezibalulekile zokusinda emvelweni.
Ukukhiqiza nokunakekelwa kwabazali kowesilisa
Yiwona kuphela ubulili de peces lapho ukukhulelwa kwenziwa ngowesilisaNgemva kombukiso wokuqomisana ongahlanganisa imidanso ethatha imizuzu embalwa eshintsha umbala, insikazi isebenzisa a i-ovipositor ukudlulisa amaqanda ku isikhwama se-incubator (marsupium) yeduna, etholakala endaweni ye-ventral yomsila. I umanyolo Kwenzeka esikhwameni ngokwaso, futhi ezinhlotsheni eziningi ukudluliswa kwenzeka umbuzo wemizuzwana, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi iqoqo lamaqanda lihambisana nensikazi eyodwa (i-genetic monogamy yaleso senzakalo sokuzala).
Ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa, amaqanda ahlangana nezicubu zesikhwama samaqanda, lapho uketshezi lwe-placenta lunikeza khona umoya-mpilo nezakhamzimba. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka kwe-ionic kokuqukethwe kwesikhwama kushintsha kancane kancane ukuze kufane namanzi olwandle azungezile ngaphambi kokuzalwa, kunciphisa ukucindezeleka ezinganeni . Isikhathi sokufukamela siyahlukahluka kuye ngohlobo kanye nokushisa kwamanzi, ngokuvamile kusukela ezinsukwini eziyishumi kuya emavikini ayisithupha.
Ukuzala kudinga ukufinyela okunamandla okuvela kweleduna, okukhipha amashumi kuya kwamakhulu amaningana ama-miniature fry , akheke ngokugcwele futhi akwazi ukuzivikela kusukela ekuqaleni. Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa zokuqala, kwezinye izinhlobo, amaphuphu angangena futhi aphume esikhwameni kuye ngokuthi usongo luni olubonakalayo. Lezi zinhlobo ezimbili zivame ukugcina izibopho eziqinile, ngokubingelelana kwansuku zonke, kanti eleduna lingakhulelwa futhi ngemva kwesikhashana esifushane.
I-Genetics kanye nokuvela kwezici zayo eziyingqayizivele
Izifundo ze-genomic zikhombisile ukuthi ukuvela kwehhashi lasolwandle kuhilela ukulahlekelwa kanye nokuphindaphinda kwezakhi zofuzo kanye nezakhi zokulawula ezichaza isimo salo esiyingqayizivele. Ukungabikho kwamaphiko esinqeni kuye kwahlotshaniswa nezinguquko kwezakhi zofuzo ezithuthukayo, kanye nokulahlekelwa amazinyo ekuziphatheni kwalo kokumunca. Ezinye izinhlobo zokuphindaphinda kwezakhi zofuzo zibonakala zihilelekile ekusebenzeni komzimba kokukhulelwa kwabesilisa kanye nasekuhlanganiseni kokufukamela kwesikhwama samabele.
Izinguquko zitholakale nasezindaweni ezilawulayo ezixhumene nohlaka lwamathambo , okuhambisana nezivikelo zalo zamapuleti amathambo kanye nokungabikho kwezimbambo ezivamile kwezinye izinhlanzi. Lokhu okutholakele kusisiza siqonde ukuthi izinguquko ezincane "kukhiye" wezakhi zofuzo zihumusha kanjani zibe yizinto ezintsha ezimangalisayo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo.
Ukubuka okunomthwalo wemfanelo nokongiwa
Uma ucwila ezindaweni lapho zihlala khona, khumbula: ungaziphathi , gwema ukuthintana nezandla zakho noma isilawuli, gcina ukuntanta okuhle ukuze ugweme ukulimaza amadlelo otshani basolwandle noma amakhorali, futhi unciphise ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe ze-flash . Njengomthetho ojwayelekile, kungcono ukuzijabulela ezikhungweni zokucwila ezigunyaziwe futhi usekele izinhlelo zokulondolozwa kwemvelo kanye nesayensi yezakhamuzi eziqapha inani lazo.
Izinhlelo zokuvikela izindawo zokuhlala, imithethonqubo yezohwebo , kanye nokudoba okukhethiwe ukuze kuncishiswe ukubanjwa okungahleliwe kubalulekile. Ukuphakamisa ulwazi kanye nokuvimbela ukuqoqwa kwezinhlobo ezomisiwe noma eziphilayo kunegalelo ngqo ekulondolozweni kwazo.
Ama-seahorse anezici zemvelo ezingavamile—kusukela ekukhulelweni kwawo koyise nasekuzifihleni kwawo kuya ekubunjweni kwawo okuhlukile — okuwenza abe uphawu lwezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle. Ukuvikela izindawo zawo zokuhlala ezisogwini, ukunciphisa ukubanjwa kwawo, nokukhuthaza ukuqaphela okunesibopho yizinyathelo eziqondile noma ubani angazisekela ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ayaqhubeka nokuchuma phakathi kolwandle kanye nama-coral isikhathi eside esizayo.
