Ucwaningo lwesayensi lwakamuva lugxile ekhoneni laseCaribbean abaningi abalibheka njengelingathintwanga: amanzi azungeze i-Eleuthera Island eBahamas. Ithimba lamazwe ngamazwe lithole ukuthi I-Cocaine, i-caffeine, imithi yokubulala izinhlungu kanye neminye imithi egazini loshaka abaningana, uphawu lwezinga umsebenzi womuntu oshiya ngalo uphawu lwawo ngisho nasezindaweni zemvelo ezibonakala zihlanzekile.
Kunokuba yindaba ehlaba umxhwele, imiphumela ikhomba ku- ingaphambili elisha lokungcoliswa kolwandleUkuba khona kwezinto ezingcolisayo ezivelayo, kusukela emithini yansuku zonke kuya ezidakamizweni ezingekho emthethweni, ezifika olwandle ngamanzi angcolile, ezokuvakasha, kanye nokukhishwa okuhlukahlukene. Nakuba lolu cwaningo lwenziwe eBahamas, ochwepheshe baxwayisa ngokuthi Lesi simo singafana nakwezinye izindawo zezivakashi ezisogwini emhlabeni wonke, okuhlanganisa nezingxenye zaseYurophu.lapho ukulahlwa kwamanzi angcolile angakahlanzwa kuseyinkinga.
Ucwaningo oluqavile ngoshaka base-Eleuthera
Ucwaningo, oluholwa ngu i-Cape Eleuthera Institute Bekanye nabalingani bamazwe ngamazwe, bagxile ogwini lwalesi siqhingi, esinye seziqhingi ezingaphezu kuka-700 ezakha iziqhingi zaseBahamas. Naphezu kokuba sikude, ososayensi bathole ukuthi Isici samakhemikhali somsebenzi womuntu sibonakala kalula. kula manzi.
Ngomsebenzi, okulandelayo kwathathwa amasampula egazi avela koshaka abangu-85 okuka izinhlobo ezinhlanu zasogwini: i-tiger shark (I-Galeocerdo cuvier), ushaka omnyama (I-Carcharhinus limbatus), ushaka waseCaribbean (I-Carcharhinus perezi), ushaki ongumhlengikazi wase-Atlantic (Isifo se-Ginglymostoma) kanye noshaka welamula (I-Negaprion brevirostris).
Ithimba lihlaziye i-serum yezilwane lisebenzisa amasu athuthukile e-chemistry okuhlaziya, ikakhulukazi i-chromatography yoketshezi ehlanganiswe ne-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)ithuluzi elibucayi kakhulu elivumela ukutholakala kwezinto ezingcolisayo ngamanani aphansi kakhulu. Inhloso kwakuwukuhlonza ukuba khona ukungcola kokukhathazeka okukhulayo (i-CEC), iqembu lezinto ezifaka phakathi imithi, imikhiqizo yokunakekela umuntu siqu, kanye nezidakamizwa zokuzijabulisa.
Imiphumela, eshicilelwe kujenali yesayensi Ukungcola kwemvelo ngaphansi kwesihloko "Izidakamizwa ezisepharadesi: i-caffeine, i-cocaine, kanye nemithi yokubulala izinhlungu etholakale koshaka abavela eBahamas"Baye balinganiswa ochwepheshe bangaphandle ngokuthi esinye sezingcezu zokuqala zobufakazi bamakhemikhali okwenziwa koshaka basendle kulesi sifunda.
Yiziphi izinto ezitholakale koshaka?
Kumashaka angu-85 afundwe, Abangu-28 bahlolwe ukuthi bane-HIV okungenani eyodwa yamakhemikhali ahlaziyiwePhakathi kwezinto ezitholakele kwakukhona i-caffeine, i-cocaine, i-paracetamol (i-acetaminophen) kanye ne-diclofenackonke lokhu kuhlotshaniswa nokusetshenziswa kwabantu nsuku zonke, kungaba njengemithi yokuvuselela, imithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu noma imithi yokulwa nokuvuvukala.
Into eyayisakazeke kakhulu kwakuyi- I-caffeine, etholakala koshaka abangu-27 kwabangu-28 abangcolisiweI-Paracetamol itholakale kubantu abathathu, i-cocaine kwababili, kanye ne-diclofenac kwabathathu. Kwezinye izimo, ishaki elifanayo lavela izinto eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, inhlanganisela, nakuba ilinganiswa ngobuningi obuncane, iphakamisa imibuzo mayelana nemiphumela ehlanganisiwe yesikhathi eside engaba khona.
Ucwaningo lugcizelela ukuthi Okokuqala ngqa i-caffeine ne-paracetamol kutholakale koshaka noma kuphi emhlabeniNgaphezu kwalokho, yi- Irekhodi lokuqala le-cocaine ne-diclofenac kuma-shark eBahamasLokhu kwandisa uhlu lwezinhlobo zasolwandle lapho ubukhona balezi zinhlanganisela buqinisekisiwe khona.
Ngaphandle kwalezi zinto ezine, ucwaningo luhlole izinhlobo eziningi ze-CEC, okuhlanganisa imithi yokucindezeleka, ama-antibiotic, imithi elwa nokuvuvukala engeyona eye-steroidal, kanye neminye imithi yokunciphisa ubuhlunguUhlu luhlanganisa ama-compounds afana ne-carbamazepine, i-ciprofloxacin, i-citalopram, i-fluoxetine, i-nimesulide, i-piroxicam, i-sertraline, i-sulfamethoxazole, i-triclosan, i-trimethoprim, kanye ne-tramadol, wonke asetshenziswa kakhulu ku- imikhiqizo yemithi kanye nokunakekelwa komuntu siqu.
I-Los Oshaka abahlengikazi kanye noshaka baseCaribbean Zazivelele phakathi kwezinhlobo ezithinteke kakhulu, kanti izibonelo eziningana zibonise amakhemikhali amaningi egazini lakho ngesikhathi esisodwaKutholakale neminonjana ye-cocaine okungenani ku-lemon shark eyodwa encane, okubonisa ukuthi ukuchayeka kudlulela ngisho nasezilwaneni ezigabeni zokuqala zokuphila kwazo.
Umthelela wezokuvakasha kanye namanzi angcolile
Elinye lamaphuzu abalulekile ocwaningo ubudlelwano phakathi kokungcola okutholakala koshaka kanye imisebenzi yabantu endaweni yokucwaningaAmazinga aphezulu kakhulu atholakale endaweni eyaziwa ngokuthi Ikheji Lokufuya Izinhlanziindawo ethandwa kakhulu phakathi Abaqhubi bokuntywila kanye nohambo lwezivakashi lokubhukuda noshaka.
Ososayensi bakhomba izindlela eziningana ezingase zisetshenziswe ukuze lezi zinhlanganisela zifinyelele olwandle. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, baphawula ithonya le- ukungcola kwamanzi amdaka asedolobheniokungase kube nezimpawu zemithi nemithi engasuswanga ngokuphelele ezitshalweni zokwelapha. Ngokusho kwabacwaningi, imisinga yolwandle, Babengathutha le mfucuza besuka kwezinye izingxenye zesiqhingi baye ezindaweni lapho kukhona khona oshaka..
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhulunywa ngomnikelo oqondile wezokuvakasha. Isazi sezinto eziphilayo uNatascha Wosnick, umbhali oholayo walolu cwaningo, uchaze ukuthi ezindaweni ezimatasa kakhulu,Abantu bayachama emanzini futhi bachithe indle yabo ezikebheni.", eqhubeka nokungenisa inani elincane lezidakamizwa nezinye izinto endaweni yasolwandle.
Lokhu kwandiswa ukulahlwa kwemfucuza eqinile nezinye izinto olwandle. Oshaka, njengoba kunjalo ngokuziphatha kwabo, Bayaluma futhi bahlole izinto ezingavamile abazithola emanziniokungase kwandise ukuchayeka kwazo ezintweni ezingcolisayo ezixhunywe ku- amaplastiki, izitsha noma izinsalela zikadoti.
Kubabhali, udaba lwaseBahamas luphawuleka kakhulu ngoba Lesi siqhingi sikhuthazwa njengendawo yemvelo ecishe ingathinteki.Kodwa-ke, idatha ikhombisa ukuthi Ukungcola kwamakhemikhali kusakazeke kakhulu kunalokho obekucatshangwa ngaphambili.nokuthi ngisho nezindawo ezibhekwa “njengezihlanzekile” zithola ingxube eyinkimbinkimbi yamakhemikhali okwenziwa.
Lezi zinto zithinta kanjani impilo yoshaka?
Esinye sezici ezivuse isithakazelo esikhulu phakathi kochwepheshe umthelela walezi zinto emzimbeni woshaka. Nakuba ucwaningo lungazange luthole ubufakazi obucacile bokuthi umonakalo obonakalayo ngokomzimba noma izifo ezisobala okususelwe kukho, kwatholakala umehluko ezimpawini eziningana zezinto eziphilayo phakathi kwabantu abangenwe yileli gciwane nalabo ababengenayo imithi egazini labo..
Ngokukhethekile, oshaka abane-caffeine, i-cocaine, noma imithi yokubulala izinhlungu emzimbeni wabo babonise izinguquko emazingeni e-triglyceride, urea kanye ne-lactateLezi zinhlaka zihlobene nokusetshenziswa kwamandla kanye nempendulo yokucindezeleka, ngakho-ke ukuhlukahluka kungabonisa izinguquko ezincane endleleni umzimba ophatha ngayo amandla noma osabela ngayo ezimweni ezicindezelayo.
Ochwepheshe ababonisiwe, njengososayensi wezilwandle uTracy Fanara, bagcizelele ukuthi okuphawulekayo ngempela akukhona nje ukuthola i-cocaine noma izidakamizwa koshaka basogwini, kodwa nokuqaphela izinguquko ezihlobene nezimpawu ze-metabolicLezi zinhlobo zezinguquko, nakuba zingase zingabangeli ukugula ngokushesha, zingabangela kuthinta ukuziphatha, ikhono lokuzingela, ukuzala, noma ukumelana nokucindezeleka esikhathini esimaphakathi neside.
Ukuchayeka kokuthi izingxube zokungcola ezisezingeni eliphansi Kunzima kakhulu ukuhlola. Into ngayinye, ngayinye, ingase ibe ngaphansi kwemingcele ebhekwa njengeyingozi, kodwa inhlanganisela yeziningana ingaveza imiphumela eqongelelekayo noma ehambisanayo abangaziwa kangako.
Abalobi balolu cwaningo bagcizelela ukuthi, okwamanje, ubudlelwano obuqondile bembangela abukwazi ukwakhiwa phakathi kokuba khona kwalezi zinhlanganisela nezinkinga ezithile zempilo koshaka abacwaningwayo. Kodwa-ke, bakholelwa ukuthi idatha iyakuvumela ukwandisa ucwaningo, okuhlanganisa ukulandelwa kwesikhathi eside, izifundo zokuziphatha, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinye izindawo zezwe, futhi olwandle olumatasa lwaseYurophu.
Inkinga yomhlaba wonke: kusukela eCaribbean kuya ogwini lwaseYurophu
Nakuba lolu cwaningo lwenziwe eBahamas, luyingxenye yocwaningo olubanzi mayelana nendlela Izidakamizwa zokuzijabulisa kanye nemithi yansuku zonke zigcina emifuleni, emifuleni kanye nasezilwandle.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, kuye kwanyatheliswa izifundo ezibonisa imiphumela yalezi zinto ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo.
En EuropaIsibonelo, amacala achazwe de peces kuvezwe ku i-methamphetamine noma ezinye izinto eziguqula ukuziphatha kwazo, kanye nezigameko zokufa ezifana izinsalela ezintsha de peces ukufa eTeldeEkuhlolweni okulawulwayo, abanye abantu Babonise ukuthi bathanda amanzi aqukethe umuthi.ngisho nangemva kokudluliselwa ezindaweni ezihlanzekile, iphethini elikhumbuza izindlela zokulutha ezibonwa ezilwaneni ezinomgogodla eziphakeme.
Ezinye izifundo, ezenziwe e-United States, zihlaziye umphumela we- izinto ezithinta ingqondo njenge-MDMA ezilwaneni ezingenamgogodla zasolwandle njenge-octopus. Nakuba kulokhu kwakuyisilingo selabhorethri, imiphumela ibonise izinguquko ezimangalisayo ekuziphatheni kwabo komphakathiLokhu kusikisela ukuthi izindlela ezithile ze-neuronal zindala kakhulu futhi zabelwana phakathi kwamaqembu ezilwane ahlukene kakhulu.
Emazweni aseYurophu, ukukhathazeka kugxile ekulahleni amanzi angcolile asemadolobheni angaphathwanga kahle oLwandle iMedithera, oLwandlekazi i-Atlantic, noma oLwandle lwaseNyakatho. Imibiko yekhwalithi yamanzi ithole ukuthi kukhona imithi yokucindezeleka, imithi yokubulala izinhlungu, imithi elwa namagciwane kanye nezinsalela zemithi yokuzijabulisa emifuleni egeleza kulezi zitsha, okuvula ithuba lezimo ezifana nalezo ezichazwe eBahamas, yize zingakabhalwa ngendlela ephawulekayo ezidla ezinye ezinkulu njengoshaka.
Ngakho-ke ulwazi lwaseCaribbean lusebenza njenge- Isexwayiso kwezinye izifunda ezinengcindezi ephezulu yezivakashi, okuhlanganisa nogu lwaseSpainlapho inani labantu abaningi ehlobo, ukuhamba ngesikebhe sokuzijabulisa kanye nokuchitheka ngezikhathi ezithile kungabangela i-cocktail efanayo yamakhemikhali, yize ingabonakali kangako kuneyepulasitiki noma ukuchitheka kwe-hydrocarbon.
Isidingo sokwenza okuthile ngokungcola okuvelayo
Okubizwa ngokuthi izinto ezingcolisayo ezivelayo (ECC) Zihlanganisa uhla olubanzi kakhulu lwezinto ezazingacatshangwa kangako ekuphathweni kwekhwalithi yamanzi kuze kube muva nje. Leli qembu lihlanganisa imithi, izimonyo, izixosha, izibulali-magciwane, imithi yokulwa nokuvuvukala, imithi yokunciphisa ubuhlungu kanye nemithi yokuzijabulisa, phakathi kwabanye.
Eziningi zalezi zinhlanganisela Azilawulwa ngokuqondile emithethweni yokukhishwa esibhedlela, noma zinqunyelwe kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwazo. Izinhlelo zokwelapha ezivamile, ezikhona eYurophu naseMelika, Abakwazi njalo ukuziqeda ngokuphelelengakho-ke zigcina zisemifuleni, emachibini nasezilwandle ngemva kokudlula ezitshalweni zokwelapha.
Umsebenzi owenziwe e-Eleuthera uqokomisa ukuthi, ngisho noma amazinga ephansi, lokhu kungcola kungenza ukuze kuhlanganiswe nochungechunge lokudla kwasolwandle futhi zigcine seziyizisulu zezilwane ezinkulu ezidla ezinye njengoshaka. Lesi yisimo, ngokusho kososayensi, Lokhu kungaphindwa kwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba ezinezimpawu ezifanayo.ikakhulukazi lapho ezokuvakasha ezibanzi, ukuchitheka kwamanzi angcolile kanye nezindawo zemvelo ezinenani eliphezulu lemvelo kuhlangana khona.
Izinhlangano zomhlaba wonke kanye nezinhlangano zemvelo zaseYurophu bezilokhu zifuna lokhu iminyaka eminingi. ukuthuthukiswa kokwelashwa kwamanzi amdakaUkufaka ubuchwepheshe obuthuthukisiwe kakhulu (njengokuhluzwa kwe-ozonation noma i-membrane) okunciphisa ukuba khona kwemithi kanye nezinye i-CEC. Kodwa-ke, ukusetshenziswa kwalezi zixazululo ayihambelani futhi kuncike ekutshalweni kwezimali komphakathi kanye amacala omthetho kanye nemithetho Ezweni ngalinye.
Emkhakheni wocwaningo, indaba yoshaka baseBahamas iqinisa umbono wokuthi ucwaningo luyadingeka. izifundo ezihlanganisiwe ezihlanganisa i-chemistry yemvelo, i-biology yasolwandle, kanye nokuhlaziywa kwengoziOchwepheshe bathi ngale ndlela kuphela lapho kuzokwenzeka khona ukuhlola ngokunembile ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukuthi izilwane zasolwandle zivezwe iminyaka eminingi "ku-cocktail" yamakhemikhali, ngisho noma ngayinye yazo ibonakala ngezilinganiso ezibonakala ziphansi.
Ukutholwa e-Eleuthera, kanye Oshaka abaphethe i-caffeine, i-cocaine, kanye nezinhlungu zobuhlungu egazini laboSekuyisibonakaliso salesi sigaba esisha sokungcoliswa kolwandle: okungabonakali kangako kunepulasitiki noma uwoyela, kodwa kuhlobene nemikhuba yethu yansuku zonke kanye nendlela esiphatha ngayo imfucuza emhlabeni jikelele.
