I-Los amahlathi olwandle ogwini lwaseSpain Babhekene nesikhathi esibalulekile. Lokho obekulokhu kuyindawo eningi nephilayo ngaphansi kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba amashumi eminyaka manje kungaphansi kwengcindezi ekhulayo, kanye nokulahlekelwa okubhalwe phansi okuye kwafinyelela amazinga ashaqisayo kwezinye izindawo. Noma kunjalo, lezi zindawo zemvelo zisalokhu zingabalingani ababalulekile ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nesiphephelo sezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo ezimangalisayo.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, amaqembu esayensi avela ezikhungweni ezahlukene zocwaningo Banqume ukuthatha isinyathelo esiqhubekayo futhi bavule amaphrojekthi abo emphakathini ngeplatifomu yesayensi yezakhamuzi i-Observadores del Mar (Sea Observers). Umgomo wabo ucacile: ukuqoqa ulwazi oluningi ngangokunokwenzeka mayelana nala mahlathi e-kelp e-Atlantic, e-Cantabrian Sea, nase-Mediterranean ukuze baqonde ukuthi kwenzekani nokuthi bangamisa kanjani ukwehla kwawo. Futhi, ukuze bafeze lokhu, badinga ukuhlanganyela okusebenzayo kwabantu abachitha isikhathi olwandle—ikakhulukazi ababhukudi kanye nalabo abahlanganyela emidlalweni yasemanzini.
Ayini amahlathi e-kelp futhi angatholakala kuphi eSpain?
Uma sikhuluma ngamahlathi asolwandle, asibhekiseli kumakhorali noma emadlelweni otshani basolwandle, kodwa sibhekisela ulwelwe olukhulu oluhlelekile olwakha "amahlathi angaphansi kwamanzi" angempelaLezi zinhlobo ze-macroalgae zakha inethiwekhi enezinhlangothi ezintathu ekhumbuza kakhulu ihlathi elisemhlabeni: kunezindawo eziminyene, izindawo ezivulekile, amagatsha anyakaziswa yimisinga, kanye nezindawo ezingenakubalwa lapho izinhlobo eziningi zezilwane zicasha khona futhi zidle khona.
Ogwini lwaseSpain, lezi zindawo zemvelo zibuswa kakhulu yi- amaqembu amabili amakhulu e-algaeE-Atlantic naseLwandle iCantabrian, i-kelp ivelele, iqembu le-algae enkulu ensundu engakha "izindonga" zangempela ezingaphansi kwamanzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, eMedithera, izinhlobo zohlobo lwe-Cystoseira (namuhla, eziningi ezihlukaniswe kabusha zibe ezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene) ziyathatha indawo, zigcwalisa indima efanayo yemvelo futhi zakha izindawo ezinkulu ezinamatshe ogwini lolwandle.
La mahlathi e-kelp asakazeke eduze ingxenye enkulu yogu lwaseSpainKusukela enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia (eGalicia nakwezinye izindawo ezisogwini olusenyakatho ye-Atlantic) kanye nogu lonke lwaseCantabrian, kuya ezindaweni eziningi zaseMedithera, okuhlanganisa izingxenye zaseCatalonia, iValencian Community, iziQhingi zaseBalearic, iMurcia, kanye ne-Andalusia empumalanga. Ngokuvamile zihlala phansi kwamadwala lapho ulwelwe lunganamathela khona, ngokuvamile ekujuleni okungajulile, yize ezinye izinhlobo zifinyelela ekujuleni okukhulu lapho ukukhanya kusafinyelela khona ngamandla anele.
Ngokombono wezinto eziphilayo, ama-macroalgae akha la mahlathi angowe- Umbuso wamaProtistaNgokungafani nezitshalo, izilwane, isikhunta, noma amabhaktheriya, ama-macroalgae anezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-15.000 ezaziwayo emhlabeni wonke, kusukela koluhlaza okotshani nokubomvu kuya konsundu, futhi ezinye zazo zingakhula zibe ngobukhulu obumangalisayo futhi zakhe izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezakha amahlathi angaphansi kwamanzi.
Imisebenzi yemvelo yamahlathi olwandle: okungaphezu kakhulu kolwelwe
Ososayensi baphikelela ngokuthi amahlathi asolwandle kubaluleke njengamahlathi asemhlabathiniLokhu akulona ihaba: indima yabo yezemvelo inezinhlangothi eziningi futhi, ezimweni eziningi, ayinakuthathelwa indawo. Okokuqala, bahlinzeka ngendawo yokuhlala, ukudla, kanye nesakhiwo ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zasolwandle: izinhlanzi ezincane nezindala, izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezifana nama-crustaceans nama-mollusk, ama-echinoderms amancane, iziponji, kanye nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zithola indawo yokuhlala efanele kulezi zinhlobo ze-algae.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, la mahlathi asebenza njenge izinjini zangempela zokukhiqiza olwandleNgenxa ye-photosynthesis, ama-macroalgae aguqula amandla elanga abe yi-biomass, afaka umoya-mpilo emanzini, futhi ondla ingxenye enkulu yochungechunge lokudla ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile. Lokhu kukhiqiza kuveza impilo eyengeziwe, izinsiza ezengeziwe zezinhlanzi ezibalulekile kwezentengiselwano, kanye nokuzinza okukhulu kwemvelo ezindaweni lapho la mahlathi egcinwe kahle khona.
Esinye isici esibalulekile umsebenzi wayo njengo amasinki e-carbonNjengamahlathi asemhlabeni, ama-macroalgae abamba i-CO2 emoyeni bese eyigcina ku-biomass yawo kanye nenhlabathi ehlobene nayo. Leli khono lokususa ikhabhoni lenza amahlathi e-kelp abe abalingani ababalulekile ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu, kanye nezibonelo ezifana nalezi ukutshalwa kwe-algae Zibonisa izindlela ezihambisanayo zokulinganisa nokuphatha kwazo.
Futhi badlala indima ebalulekile ku- ukuvikelwa koguIsakhiwo sazo esiminyene nesiguquguqukayo sinciphisa amandla amagagasi, sinciphise ukuguguleka kogu lolwandle, futhi sisize ekuqiniseni ulwandle. Ngokunciphisa amandla amagagasi ezindaweni ezivezwe kakhulu, la mahlathi asiza amabhishi namawa ukuthi angahlupheki kakhulu ngenxa yomthelela weziphepho kanye nokuvuvukala, into ebaluleke kakhulu esimweni sokushintsha komhlaba.
Ekugcineni, amahlathi e-kelp andisa ukuqina kwezinhlelo zemvelo zasolwandleNgokudala izindawo zokuhlala eziyinkimbinkimbi kanye nezindawo zokuphephela zezinhlobo eziningi zezilwane, zandisa amandla esistimu okumelana nokululama ezinkingeni, kungaba zemvelo (iziphepho, izigameko zokuvuvukala okukhulu) noma ezivela kubantu (ukungcola kwendawo, imiphumela yendawo). Ukuba khona kwazo kuvame ukufana nempilo enhle yemvelo endaweni esogwini.
Ukuhlehla okwesabekayo: ukulahlekelwa okufika ku-80% kwezinye izindawo
Nokho, isimo samanje asisihle neze. Idatha eqoqwe yi- amaqembu ahlukahlukene esayensi ahlanganiswe nepulatifomu ye-Sea Observers Zibonisa ukuthi amahlathi asolwandle aseSpain anciphe kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Lokho okwakuyindawo evamile engaphansi kwamanzi, ezindaweni eziningi, sekuyindawo empofu ene-algae encane noma ngisho namadwala angenalutho.
EMedithera, ucwaningo lubonisa ukuthi, eminyakeni engamashumi amahlanu nje kuphela, sekukhona kufika ku-80% wamahlathi e-kelp alahlekile noma awonakeleLokhu kusho ukuthi izindawo ezinkulu ezazibuswa yiCystoseira ziye zabona lezi zakhiwo zinyamalala noma zihlala zisesimweni esibi kakhulu. Imiphumela yokuhlukahluka kwezinto eziphilayo kanye nokusebenza kwesimiso semvelo ijulile futhi, ezimweni eziningi, isahlolwa.
Isimo eNyakatho ye-Atlantic kanye nogu lwaseCantabrian asisihle kangako. Enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeNhlonhlo yase-Iberia, kufaka phakathi Iziqhingi zaseGalician nezinye izindawo zase-Atlantic naseLwandle lwaseCantabrianKutholakale ukuthi amahlathi e-kelp anyamalale ezindaweni ezingaphezu kwengxenye ezifundwe eminyakeni engama-25 edlule. Ngamanye amazwi, ezindaweni ezingaphezu kwama-50% ezihlaziyiwe, lapho kwakukhona khona amahlathi aminyene ala ma-macroalgae, awasekho noma anciphile kakhulu.
Lo mkhuba uchazwa njengo ukwehla okucacile nokuphawulekayo kwamahlathi e-kelp cishe kulo lonke ugu lwaseSpain. Indaba yaseGalicia iyisibonelo: lapho, njengakwezinye izindawo zase-Atlantic, ukwehla kolwelwe oluhlelekile kuzwakala kakhulu, kanye nomthelela ezinhlobonhlobo zezinto eziphilayo zendawo kanye nemisebenzi ehlobene nolwandle, kokubili ukudoba kanye nokuzijabulisa.
Imibiko yesayensi kanye nokubonwa okuqoqwe kumaphrojekthi ahlukene okuqapha kuyavumelana ukuthi lezi akuzona izinguquko ezizimele, kodwa kunalokho kuyinguquko umkhuba wesikhathi esideokuyinto kwezinye izindawo eye yashesha eminyakeni yamuva nje. Lokhu kulahlekelwa ukumbozwa kanye nobunzima besakhiwo samahlathi asolwandle kungenye yezizathu eziyinhloko zokuthi kungani kufakwe isicelo esiphuthumayo emphakathini.
Izimbangela zokwehla: ukuguquka kwesimo sezulu kanye nezingcindezi zabantu
Ukuwohloka kwamahlathi olwandle akunambangela eyodwa. Abacwaningi bakhomba inhlanganisela yezici. izingcindezi zemvelaphi yabantu kanye nezici zemvelo okuthi, uma sezihlanganisiwe, zishintshe ukusatshalaliswa, impilo kanye namandla okuvuselela lawa ma-algae akhiwe ogwini lwaseSpain.
Okokuqala, kugqamisa ukunyuka kwezinga lokushisa lolwandle okuhambisana nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Eziningi zalezi zinhlobo ze-macroalgae zivumelaniswa nezinga lokushisa elithile. Lapho amanzi efudumala ngendlela eqhubekayo, izinhlobo ezizwela kakhulu ziphoqeleka ukuba zithuthele ezindaweni ezipholile noma ekujuleni okukhulu, lapho izimo zifaneleka khona kancane. Lokhu kushintsha kokusabalala akwenzeki ngaso sonke isikhathi ngokushesha noma ngokuphelele, futhi kushiya izindawo lapho ihlathi lincipha noma linyamalala khona.
La ukungcola kogu Lesi esinye isici esibalulekile. Ukufakwa kwezakhamzimba (i-eutrophication), ukuchitheka kwamakhemikhali, izinsimbi ezisindayo, noma iziqephu zekhwalithi embi yamanzi kungenza buthaka ama-macroalgae, kuthande ukubonakala kwezinhlobo ezinamathuba, futhi kunciphise amandla amahlathi okuhlala ezinzile. Ezindaweni eziseduze nezindawo ezinkulu zasemadolobheni, amachweba, noma izindawo zezimboni, le miphumela ivame ukugqama kakhulu.
Okungeziwe kulokhu yi- ukubhujiswa okuqondile kwezindawo zokuhlala Ingqalasizinda yasogwini, ukumba, ukwakhiwa kogu, noma imisebenzi eshintsha indawo enamatshe lapho ulwelwe lunamathela khona kungabangela ukuba amahlathi e-kelp anyamalale noma aguqulwe ngokweqile. Lapho lesi sisekelo esingokoqobo sinyamalala, amahlathi e-kelp akuthola kunzima kakhulu ukuzivuselela ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo nangaphambili.
Esinye isizathu sokukhathazeka ukwanda kwe- izinhlobo ezihlaselayo ezincintisana nama-macroalgae endawo noma ezishintsha ukuguquguquka kwesimo sendawo. Amanye ama-algae angaphandle angahlala ngokushesha ezindaweni ezazihlalwa yi-kelp noma i-Cystoseira, akhe ama-mat angahlelekile kahle anganikeli ngezinsizakalo ezifanayo zemvelo.
Ekugcineni, i ukudoba ngokweqile kanye nokuphazamiseka kwezindawo zokudla Ukuncipha kwezinhlobo ezithile nakho kuyabandakanyeka. de peces Ukwehla kwenani elikhulu lezilwane ezingenamgogodla kungakhuthaza ukwanda kwezilwane ezidla uhlaza ezidla ama-macroalgae, okwandisa ingcindezi yokudla emahlathini olwandle. Uma lokhu kungalingani kuqhubeka, uhlaza lulahlekelwa ikhono lalo lokuvuselela, futhi ukwakheka kwalo kuyancipha kancane kancane kuze kube yilapho lunyamalala kwezinye izindawo.
Indima yabaqapheli bolwandle kanye nephrojekthi ethi “Marine Forests”
Ngenxa yalesi simo, izikhungo zocwaningo ezahlukene zaseSpain zikhethe ukuqinisa isayensi yezakhamuzi njengethuluzi elibalulekile ukuthuthukisa ulwazi mayelana namahlathi asolwandle. Yilapho ipulatifomu ye-Sea Observers ingena khona, i-portal ehlanganisa ndawonye amaphrojekthi okuqapha olwandle avulekele ukubamba iqhaza kwanoma ubani onentshisekelo.
Le phrojekthi iqalisiwe ngaphakathi kwale nkundla “Amahlathi Asolwandle”Lo msebenzi wenzelwe ngqo ukutadisha isimo salezi zindawo zemvelo ezilawulwa ulwelwe olukhulu ogwini lwaseNyakatho ye-Atlantic kanye nolweMedithera lwaseSpain. Umqondo uwukuqoqa ukubonwa kwensimu okwenziwe ngababhukudi, izikhungo zokuntywila, kanye nabantu abahlanganyela emisebenzini olwandle (ukudoba nge-snorkeling, ukuntywila ngokukhululeka, ukudoba ngokuzijabulisa, ukuhamba ngomkhumbi, njll.) ukuze kuhambisane nedatha etholwe ngqo amaqembu esayensi.
Iphrojekthi ihlanganiswe ngu Abacwaningi abavela eNyuvesi yaseGirona (IEA-UdG) kanye neBlanes Centre for Advanced Studies (CEAB-CSIC)Ngaphakathi kohlaka lwezinhlelo ezifana nephrojekthi ye-FECYT ethi “A Sea of Forests” kanye ne-CAMBIOMED. Abacwaningi abavela kwi-Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO-CSIC), i-University of the Basque Country kanye ne-University of A Coruña nabo bayahlanganyela, okubonisa ukubambisana okubanzi ezingeni likazwelonke.
Ngokusho komcwaningi ULara ArroyoNgokusho kuka-[igama elingekho], ovela kwi-Spanish Institute of Oceanography kanye nomunye wabaxhumanisi bephrojekthi, amahlathi asolwandle asebenza njengezindawo zokuhlala, abashayeli bokukhiqiza, kanye nabalingani ekulweni nokushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ukuze sithuthukise ukuqonda kwethu ukusatshalaliswa kwawo kanye nezinsongo eziwabeka engcupheni, ukubheka njengokubalulekile ukubandakanya umphakathi, onganikeza ulwazi olubalulekile oluvela ezindaweni nezikhathi lapho ososayensi bengekho khona njalo.
Osebenza naye I-Sònia de CaraltUmcwaningi e-Institute of Aquatic Ecology yase-University of Girona kanye ne-CEAB-CSIC ugcizelela ukuthi konke okubonwe ngababhukudi kanye nabanye abahlanganyeli abakhuthele olwandle kuzoqinisekiswa ngabasebenzi besayensi. Ngale ndlela, idatha yesayensi yezakhamuzi ihlanganiswa nedatha etholwe ngemikhankaso yesayensi, okudala isethi yolwazi oluqinile noluwusizo kakhulu lokuqondisa amasu okulondolozwa nokubuyiselwa kwemvelo.
Izakhamuzi zingabambisana kanjani ekuqapheni amahlathi asolwandle?
Iphrojekthi ethi “Marine Forests” ayihloselwe ochwepheshe kuphela. Ngokuphambene nalokho, yenzelwe ukuthi noma ubani onokufinyelela olwandle indlela yokufaka isandla kalula. Ngesikhathi seseshini yolwazi eku-inthanethi ehloselwe izikhungo zokuntywila kanye nabasebenzisi bolwandle abavamile, kwachazwa izinyathelo eziyisisekelo zokubamba iqhaza kanye nezindlela okufanele zilandelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ulwazi luwusizo ngempela.
Esinye sezincomo eziyinhloko yilesi thatha izithombe zamahlathi e-kelpnjalo kubonisa usuku nendawo yesithombe. Lezi zithombe zisebenza njengerekhodi elibonakalayo lesimo sendawo yokuhlala endaweni ethile nesikhathi esithile, futhi zivumela, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ukuqhathanisa ukuvela kokumbozwa kwe-algae kanye nempilo.
Abahlanganyeli nabo bayacelwa ukuthi bhala phansi ubukhona kanye nezici zehlathiLokhu okubonwayo kufanele kuhambisane nedatha eyisisekelo yemvelo: uhlobo lolwandle, ukujula okulinganiselwe, izinga lokumbozwa kolwelwe, ukuba khona kwezilwane ezidla uhlaza ezibonakalayo, njll. Akudingeki kube umbiko wobuchwepheshe, kodwa kumele kulandele izidingo ezincane ezibekwe kuzinqubo zephrojekthi.
Kulabo abanolwazi oluthe xaxa noma abanentshisekelo, kuphakanyiswa ukuthi ugcwalise okulandelayo: ukuqapha okuhlelekile ngokubalwa kwabantu noma izifundoIsibonelo, hamba ngendlela echazwe kahle bese uqaphela, ngezikhathi ezithile (njalo ngamasentimitha angu-25 noma enye indawo esungulwe), kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kunehlathi elithuthukile kahle, ulwelwe oluncane, noma idwala elingenalutho. Lolu hlobo lwedatha yobuningi lubaluleke kakhulu ekutholeni izinguquko zesikhathi esiphakathi nesikhathi eside.
Zonke izinto eziqoqiwe—izithombe, izincazelo, idatha yokulandelela—kumele gibela ipulatifomu ye-Sea Observers Ngokulandela izinqubo ezimisiwe, ithimba lesayensi libuyekeza futhi liqinisekise okubonwe, lihlanganise ulwazi ezinqolobaneni zedatha zephrojekthi, futhi lilusebenzise ukudala amamephu okusabalalisa, ukuhlaziya izitayela, kanye nokuphakamisa izindlela zokuphatha nokonga.
La Intwasahlobo ibhekwa njengesikhathi esihle kakhulu sokusebenzisanaLokhu kungenxa yokuthi yilapho amahlathi e-kelp efinyelela khona intuthuko yawo ephezulu futhi ebonakala kakhulu. Ngalesi sikhathi, izakhiwo ziminyene futhi kulula ukuzibona, ngisho nakwabantu abangaqeqeshiwe, okuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokubuka futhi kukhuthaze abantu abaningi ukuba bahlanganyele.
Ubani osekela ipulatifomu ye-Sea Observers?
I-Sea Observers akuyona iphrojekthi eyedwa, kodwa ipulatifomu yesayensi yezakhamuzi zasolwandle ezihlanganisiwe Iqondiswa yizikhungo ezahlukene zocwaningo ze-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) nezinye izinhlangano ezisebenzisanayo, umgomo wayo ophelele ukubandakanya umphakathi ekuqapheni impilo yolwandle ngokuletha izakhamuzi nososayensi ekuxhumaneni ngqo.
Phakathi kwezikhungo ezihlela le nkundla kukhona Isikhungo Sezesayensi Yasolwandle (i-ICM)I-Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), i-Blanes Centre for Advanced Studies (CEAB), i-Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies (IMEDEA), i-Balearic Islands Coastal Observing System (SOCIB), kanye ne-Marine Research Institute (IIM). Isikhungo ngasinye sinikela ngolwazi, ingqalasizinda, kanye nabasebenzi bocwaningo ukusekela amaphrojekthi ahlukahlukene asebenzayo.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Sea Observers ingumlingani we Iphrojekthi ye-LIFE INTEMARESLe nkundla, esebenza ekuphathweni okuphumelelayo kwenethiwekhi yezindawo ezivikelwe zasolwandle, iyingxenye yesinyathelo se-OCEAN+, esihlose ukuthuthukisa ulwazi nokuvikelwa kwemvelo yasolwandle. Iphinde ibambisane nezinhlangano zesifunda ezifana neMarilles Foundation eziQhingini zaseBalearic kanye neRedPromar eziQhingini zaseCanary, yandisa ukufinyelela kwayo endaweni kanye nomphakathi.
Le nethiwekhi yezivumelwano ivumela ulwazi oluqoqwe yizakhamuzi ukuthi lube ukubikezela okungokoqobo ekwenzeni izinqumo ngokulondolozwa kolwandle. Idatha ekhiqizwa amaphrojekthi anjenge-“Marine Forests” ingafakwa ekuhlolweni kwezwe lonke naseYurophu, isekele ukudalwa noma ukuthuthukiswa kwezindawo ezivikelwe olwandle, futhi iqondise izinyathelo eziqondile ngokumelene nezinsongo ezifana nokulahlekelwa yindawo yokuhlala, ukungcola, noma ukudoba ngokweqile.
Ukwakheka kwe-Sea Observers kwenza kube lula nakubantu abahlanganyela kulo msebenzi ukuthi bangagcini nje ngokulayisha idatha, kodwa futhi bakwazi qapha imiphumela ngokucophelelaFinyelela ulwazi olusha, bheka amamephu, futhi ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezindawo zemvelo abazisizayo ukutadisha. Lokhu kusabela kuyisihluthulelo sokugcina intshisekelo nokwakha umphakathi osebenzayo wababukeli basolwandle.
Isithombe esidwetshwe yidatha yamahlathi olwandle ogwini lwaseSpain siyadida, ngokulahlekelwa okukhulu kakhulu eMedithera kanye nasogwini lwe-Atlantic-Cantabrian, kodwa futhi sivula umnyango wesenzo: Uma sazi kangcono ukuthi la mahlathi akuphi, ukuthi akusiphi isimo, nokuthi yiziphi izinsongo eziwathintayo, kuba ngcono.Uma sisebenza nabo kakhulu, amathuba okubavikela ayanda futhi, kwezinye izimo, athuthukise ukululama kwabo. Ukuhlanganiswa kwesayensi yobungcweti kanye nesayensi yezakhamuzi, okuqhutshwa yi-Sea Observers kanye nephrojekthi ethi “Marine Forests”, kuguqula noma ubani osondela olwandle abe ngumsizi ongaba khona ekulondolozweni kwala mahlathi angaphansi kwamanzi angempela.
