Kwaphela amashumi eminyaka, i Ibhayoloji yakudala ihlukaniswe ngokuqinile ezilwaneni zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni, njengokungathi kukhona umngcele ongenakunqotshwa phakathi kwalezi zindawo ezimbili. Izinhlanzi, ezinezimbobo zokuphefumula eziklanyelwe ukusebenza ngaphansi kwamanzi, zabonakala zigwetshwe ukusinda imizuzwana embalwa kuphela ngaphandle kwamanzi ngaphambi kokuba zidilike.
Nokho, ezindaweni eziningi ezishisayo, lowo mugqa ohlukanisayo uyafiphala. izindawo eziphakathi kwamaza, lapho ulwandle luqhubekela phambili futhi lubuyela emuva izikhathi eziningana ngosukuizimpilo zeqembu de peces bakwazi ukusizakala ngokuchayeka emoyeni ukuze benze ingxenye enkulu yemisebenzi yabo yansuku zonke. Kuleso simo sodaka, amadamu kanye nokushintsha kwamagagasi, lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ama-jumper odaka (I-Periophthalmus nezinye izinhlobo ezihlobene) sezibe ngesinye sezibonelo eziphawuleka kakhulu zokuzivumelanisa nezimo ngokweqile.
Inhlanzi eziphatha sengathi isemhlabeni.
Kulezi zindawo ezinodaka, imbozwe udaka lapho amanzi ephansi Futhi uma sebecwiliswe futhi lapho ulwandle lubuya, abadobi bodaka bathole indawo ekhethekile kakhulu. Kunokuba bacashe emachibini njengezinhlanzi eziningi, basebenzisa umhlabathi owomile njengesiteji sabo esiyinhloko somsebenzi.
Lezi zilwane Ziyazulazula, zondle, zivikele indawo yazo, futhi zizalane ngisho nangaphandle kwamanziKonke lokhu ngaphandle kwamaphaphu noma imilenze efana nezilwane ezinomgogodla zasemhlabeni. Ukwakheka kwayo kuhlala kunjengokwenhlanzi, kodwa ngezinye izikhathi ukuziphatha kwayo kufana nokwesilwane esihlala emanzini esikhethekile kakhulu.
Uma amanzi ephansi, kudlula abantu abaningi isikhathi esiningi emoyeni kunokucwiliswa emanziniLeli cebo linezinzuzo ezicacile: ingcindezi evela ezidla ezinye izilwane zasemanzini iyancipha, futhi ngenxa yalokho, imenyu yokudla eningi iyatholakala. izinambuzane, ama-arthropod amancane kanye nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla zasemhlabeni ezingenakufinyeleleka ezinhlanzini zendabuko.
Abacwaningi abafana nesazi sezinto eziphilayo esiziphendukela kwemvelo UScott Travers Baveze ukuthi ama-mudskipper ayingxenye yomndeni omncane I-Oxudercinaengaphakathi kweqembu le-goby. Phakathi kwezinhlobo ezivame ukucashunwa yi-Atlantic mudskipper, i-giant mudskipper, kanye ne-barred mudskipper, zonke ezijwayeleke izimiso zemvelo ezingezinhle kakhulu zemvelo.
Indawo abahlala kuyo iyashintshashintsha izikhathi eziningana ngosuku phakathi kokucwiliswa ngokuphelele kanye nokuchayeka ngqo emoyeni. Lokhu kushukuma okuqhubekayo kubenza bathuthuke izixazululo ezinhle kakhulu zomzimba nezokuziphatha ukumelana nokushintsha okungazelelwe komswakama, izinga lokushisa kanye nokutholakala komoya-mpilo.
Amasu okuphefumula: indlela inhlanzi engaphila ngayo ngaphandle
Kwabaningi bezinhlanzi, ukudalulwa nje kusho inhlekelele ethile: Ama-gill ayawa uma kungekho manziLokhu kuvimbela ukushintshaniswa kwegesi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-mudskippers anqobe kakhulu lo mkhawulo ngesistimu yokuphefumula ehlanganisa izindlela eziningana zokuthola umoya-mpilo.
Enye yezinsika yi- ukuphefumula kwesikhumbaLezi zinhlanzi zinesikhumba esincane kakhulu, zinenethiwekhi ebanzi yemithambo yegazi futhi zimbozwe yi-mucus. Lobu buso busebenza njenge-"membrane yokuphefumula" yangempela uma nje buhlala bumanzi, buvumela umoya-mpilo ovela emoyeni ukuthi udlulele ngqo egazini.
Izifundo ezicashunwe ochwepheshe zibonisa ukuthi, kwabanye abantu, Kungatholakala ingxenye yomoya-mpilo odingekayo ngesikhumba uma zingekho emanzini. Kodwa-ke, le nzuzo iza nezindleko: njengoba zincane futhi zibonakala, i-dermis isengozini enkulu yokoma, okuphoqa abantu abasebenzisa udaka ukuthi bahlale bexhumana nabo njalo. udaka olumanzi noma amanzi angajulile kakhulu.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lezi zinhlanzi zisebenzisa lokho okubizwa ngokuthi ukuphefumula kwe-oropharyngealNgochungechunge lweminyakazo ehlelekile, babamba umoya emlonyeni nasemphinjeni; lo mthamo ubambekile, wakha igumbi lomoya elinomswakama emlonyenilapho umoya-mpilo usakazeka khona uye ezicutshini ezicebile ngemithambo yegazi. Lolu hlelo lusebenza, ngezinjongo ezingokoqobo, njengenguqulo eyisisekelo yamaphaphu.
Ama-gill ngokwawo nawo aguqulwa ukuze asekele impilo engaphansi komhlaba. Ngokungafani nezinhlanzi eziningi, ama-gill ezinyoni ezidla udoti ane- isakhiwo esiqinile nesiqinisiweLokhu kuzivimbela ukuthi zingawi ngokuphelele lapho zithintana nomoya futhi kuzivumela ukuthi zigcine amandla okushintshana ngegesi ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Ukuhamba odakeni: ukuhamba nokugxuma ngaphandle kwemilenze
Ukuphefumula umoya omusha kuyingxenye nje yale nkinga. Enye inselele enkulu ukuthi ukuhamba endaweni ethambile, eshelelayo Ngaphandle kwemilenze noma amalunga alungele ukuhamba emhlabathini, abasiki bodaka baye basungula indlela yokuhamba eye yadonsela ukunaka komphakathi wesayensi.
Isihluthulelo sisekuqondeni kwabo amaphiko esifuba, akhuliswe ngokubonakalayo futhi aqinileLokhu kusebenza njengezindawo zokusekela ukuphakamisa umzimba nokuvumela ukunyakaza okulawulwayo odakeni. Ngenxa yalolu hlelo, bangakwazi "ukuhamba" phezu komhlaba, bagcine ingxenye yomzimba wabo ingangeni odakeni futhi banciphise ukungqubuzana.
Kuye ngesimo, bayakwazi ukwenza Bahamba kancane ngenkathi bezulazula endaweni yabo. noma ukugxuma ngokuzumayo ukuze ubalekele isitha noma ukuxosha isisulu. Ukuhlaziywa kokunyakaza kwabo, okushicilelwe emaphephabhukwini e-biology okuhlola, kubonise ukuthi ukusekela kanye namaphethini okujika kwamaphiko abo kukhumbuza izinhlobo zokuqala zokuhamba ngokuvundlile, okufana nalokho okucatshangwa ngezinye zezilwane ezinemilenze emine zokuqala.
Le miphumela iholele abacwaningi abaningana ekusebenziseni ama-mudskippers njenge imodeli yokuphila yokufunda ushintsho phakathi kokuhamba kwamanzi kanye nomhlaba. Akuzona izinsalela noma inzalo eqondile yama-tetrapod okuqala, kodwa anikeza izinkomba mayelana nokuthi ukunyakaza kwalezo zinhlobo zomhlaba zokuqala kungenzeka ukuthi kwahlelwa kanjani.
Ukudla umhlaba kanye nezinguquko endleleni yomlomo
Impilo eyingxenye yomhlaba nayo idinga ukuxazulula inkinga indlela yokubamba inyamazane emanziniIzinhlanzi zasemanzini kuphela zithembele kakhulu ekumunceni: zivula imilomo yazo ngokuzumayo, zidale umsinga, bese amanzi edonsa inyamazane yazo. Lolu hlelo alusebenzi nomoya, ongaxinene kakhulu.
Endabeni yabadayisi bodaka, imisebenzi eminingana yesayensi ichaze ukulungiswa okuphawulekayo kwe-kinematics ye-mandibularLezi zinhlanzi zigcina umoya ngaphakathi komlomo wazo futhi ziwusebenzisa njengesisekelo sokushintsha ingcindezi yangaphakathi ngenkathi zishukumisa umhlathi wazo, okuvumela ukuthi zibambe ama-arthropod amancane, izibungu, nezinye izilwane ezingenamgogodla ezihamba phezu kodaka.
Izihloko ezishicilelwe komagazini abakhethekile abafana nalokhu I-Biology Ivuliwe Bagcizelela ukuthi le ndlela exubile, phakathi kokumunca nokuluma ngqo, iyasebenza ngokwanele ukubamba ama-mudskipper. ungathembeli ekubuyeleni njalo emanzini ukuze bazondle. Ngale ndlela, bangasebenzisa ingcebo encintisana kakhulu nezinyoni nezinye izilwane ezidla ezinye izilwane zasemhlabeni, kodwa cishe engafinyeleleki kwabanye. de peces.
Ifasitela eliyingqayizivele lokuqonda ukuvela kwezilwane ezinomgogodla
Ukuze izibalo like UScott Travers kanye nabanye ochwepheshe bebhayoloji yokuziphendukela kwemveloAma-mudskipper aseyisici esibalulekile ekucabangeni kabusha eminye imibono ekade ikhona mayelana nokushintsha kusuka emanzini kuya ezweni. Abonisa ukuthi izakhiwo ezakhelwe impilo yasemanzini ekuqaleni, njengezimpiko noma ama-gill, zingakwazi ukuhlelwa kabusha kokusebenza ngaphandle kwesidingo sokuba amaphaphu noma imilenze ngokushesha.
Ukuhlanganiswa kokuphefumula kwesikhumba, ukuphefumula kwe-oropharyngeal, ama-gill aguquliwe kanye amaphiko esifuba asetshenziswa njengezisekelo Lokhu kusikisela ukuthi ukushintshela ezweni kungenzeka ukuthi kube kancane kancane futhi kuguquguqukayo kunalokho okwakucatshangwa ngaphambili. Amaphaphu akheke ngokuphelele kanye nemilenze eyinkimbinkimbi kwakungadingeki ukuthi kuvele ngokuzumayo ukuze ezinye izilwane ezinomgogodla ziqale ukuhlola indawo yazo ngaphandle kwamanzi.
Kulesi simo samanje, esiphawulwe yi- Ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu kanye nokungazinzi kwezindawo zemvelo zasogwiniLezi zinhlanzi ziphinde zinikeze isibonelo esicacile sendlela izinhlobo ezithile zezinhlanzi ezingavikela ngayo umthelela wokwehluka kwemvelo ngenxa yokuguquguquka kwazo okukhulu kwezemvelo. Amandla azo okushintshashintsha phakathi kwamanzi nodaka, phakathi kokuphefumula emanzini nomoya, kuzenza zibe yisibonelo se- ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezimbi kakhulu.
Ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi ze-Mudskipper: amathuba ezomnotho kanye nezithiyo
Ngaphandle kwesithakazelo sabo sezinto eziphilayo, abadayisi bodaka sebeqalile ukuheha ukunaka komkhakha wezolimo zasemanzini, ikakhulukazi e-Asia, lapho ezinye izinhlelo zokulima seziqalile khona hlola inani layo lezentengiselwano kanye nelokudlaImininingwane etholakalayo ikhombisa ukuthi de peces ikhula ngokushesha, enosayizi wokugcina ongafinyelela amakhilogremu amaningana ngesampula ngayinye.
Okuhlangenwe nakho kokuzala ezindaweni ezisogwini lwase-Asia kuchaza lokho, kusukela ezinhlotsheni ezincane ezingaba Amasentimitha angu-18- 20Inhlanzi ingadlula isisindo esingu-2 kg cishe ngonyaka owodwa. Uma inezinyanga ezingu-18, ubukhulu bayo bucishe bube 3,5-4 kg ngomuntu ngamunyeFuthi ekulimeni isikhathi eside phakathi kweminyaka emibili nemithathu, kutholakale amasampula anesisindo esingaphezu kwamakhilogremu angu-9 noma ngisho nayishumi.
Empeleni, abakhiqizi baveza ukuthi Izigaba zokuqala zokukhuluphala yizona ezibucayi kakhulu.ngokuzwela okukhulu ezimweni zemvelo kanye nekhwalithi yamanzi. Uma umkhawulo wamakhilogremu angu-0,2-0,3 ngenhlanzi usudluliwe, ukufa kuyancishiswa, ukukhula kuyashesha, futhi ukuphathwa kwenziwa lula, okuvula umnyango wezinhlelo zokulima eziqinile emakhejini noma emachibini asogwini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, lolu hlobo de peces ivelele for the ukuqina kwenyama yayo kanye nokumelana kwayo okuhle nokubandaLe nhlanganisela ivumela ikhwalithi ukuthi igcinwe ngesikhathi sokugcinwa isikhathi eside, okuyinto ethakazelisayo ekukhiqizweni kwama-fillets, imikhiqizo eqandisiwe futhi ekugcineni ithunyelwe kwamanye amazwe.
Kodwa-ke, ezindaweni lapho kwenziwa khona izivivinyo zokuzalanisa, isithiyo esikhulu asikona ezobuchwepheshe, kodwa sihlobene nemakethe. Umthengi ojwayelekile akazi kahle i-jumper yodakaIsidingo sisancane kakhulu futhi amanani okuthengisa awahlali ekhokhela izindleko zokukhiqiza, okunciphisa ukwanda kwamapulazi futhi kwenza kube nzima ukudala uchungechunge lwenani oluzinzile.
Inani elengeziwe: kusukela enyameni kuya esinyini sokubhukuda
Esinye sezici eziphawuleka kakhulu ngokombono wezomnotho yi- isinyi sokubhukuda salezi zinhlanziLesi sakhiwo, esisetshenziswa yizinhlanzi ukulawula ukuntanta, singagxila amazinga aphezulu kawoyela, ama-amino acid, kanye namaminerali. Emithini yendabuko yamanye amazwe ase-Asia, kuthiwa sinezakhiwo ze-tonic futhi sisetshenziselwa ukuqinisa impilo yabantu abasalulama noma ngobuthakathaka obujwayelekile.
Ngaphezu kokusetshenziswa kwayo njengesengezo, i-swim bladder ihloselwe amalungiselelo ezokwelapha kanye nokusetshenziswa okuthile kwezokwelapha zendabukoEminye imithombo ikhombisa ukuthi ezimakethe ezifana neHong Kong, ama-bladder de peces Ezinkulu, ezomisiwe kahle futhi ezicutshungulwe kahle, zingafinyelela amanani aphezulu kakhulu ngekhilogremu ngayinye yomkhiqizo, uma nje zivela ezibonelweni ezidlula kalula amakhilogremu ayi-10 ngesisindo.
Leli thuba lidala intshisekelo, kodwa futhi lidala izinselele zezokuthutha kanye nezobuchwepheshe. Ukufinyelela kulezi zindawo ezibaluleke kakhulu kudinga... khulisa inhlanzi isikhathi esideLokhu kuhilela ukucabangela izindleko eziphezulu zokudla kanye nokuba nengqalasizinda yokucubungula nokomisa elawulwa kakhulu. Emazweni amaningi akhiqizayo, ukuthuthukiswa ubuchwepheshe obuthile bokucubungula isinyi sokubhukuda Kuhlala kunqunyelwe.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izikhungo zocwaningo kanye namakhono agxile kwezomnotho nobuchwepheshe bezokudoba aseqalile bakhiqiza i-mudskipper fry yabongenhloso yokuqinisekisa ukutholakala njalo kwezingane ezincane zamapulazi anentshisekelo. Lokhu kukhiqiza imbewu kuvumela ukudluliselwa kobuchwepheshe bokulima ezinkampanini zokubambisana kanye nezinkampani zezinhlanzi, kanye nokugcinwa kwamabhange e-broodstock alungele ukuphendula esidingweni esiphezulu.
Noma kunjalo, ochwepheshe bagcizelela ukuthi, ngaphandle kwe- imakethe eqinile yokwamukela umkhiqizoKunzima ukusungula imboni ezungeze lolu hlobo. Ukuntuleka kokukhuthazwa, ukuba khona okulinganiselwe eziteshini zokuthengisa zendabuko, kanye nokungabikho kwemikhankaso yolwazi ehloselwe umthengi wokugcina kuvimbela ukukhiqizwa kwesidingo esanele sokuthethelela ukutshalwa kwezimali okukhulu.
Izinselele zomkhakha namathuba eYurophu
Ochwepheshe bayavuma ukuthi, ukuze umuntu othanda udaka abe ukulima okusimeme nokunenzuzoKubalulekile ukwenza izinto eziningana ngasikhathi sinye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubalulekile ukwandisa ubukhulu bemiklamo yokuzalisa, njengoba ukukhiqizwa kwezinga elincane kungavumeli ukuzinziswa kwentengo noma ukuhlanganiswa kweziteshi zokusabalalisa zemikhiqizo emisha, ecutshunguliwe, noma eqandisiwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuqinisa ukuxhumana nokusabalalisa kumthengiEzimakethe ezifana neYurophu, lapho umphakathi uvulekele imikhiqizo emisha yokudla kwasolwandle kodwa ufuna amazinga aphezulu ekhwalithi kanye nokuphepha kokudla, inhlanzi enjalo engavamile ingangena, uma nje imvelaphi yayo, izici zokudla okunempilo, kanye neziqinisekiso zenhlalakahle yezilwane kanye nokusimama kwazo kuchazwe kahle.
ESpain nakwamanye amazwe e-European Union, ukwanda kwe- Ukufuywa kwezinhlanzi zasolwandle kanye nokusesha izinhlobo ezahlukene zezilwane Ukuze bahlukanise iminikelo, bangakhuthaza intshisekelo kumamodeli afanayo. Izindawo ezisogwini ezinamaxhaphozi kanye nemifula, yize zingenazo ngokwemvelo lezi zinhlanzi zasezindaweni ezishisayo, zinikeza umongo ofanele wobuchwepheshe wokuhlola izinhlelo zokulima eziphefumulelwe ukuphathwa kwazo.
Uhlaka lokulawula lwaseYurophu, oludinga kakhulu ngokwezemvelo, lungathuthukisa imikhuba yokukhiqiza ehlonipha kakhulu imvelo ephakathi kwamazaNgakho-ke, noma yimuphi umzamo wokwethula noma wokulingisa imodeli ye-mudskipper uzodinga ukuhlaziywa okujulile komthelela wemvelo, ingozi ezinhlotsheni zemvelo, kanye nokuhambisana namasu okulondolozwa kwezindawo ezimanzi zasogwini.
Izikhungo zocwaningo zaseSpain naseYurophu zinolwazi olukhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwe izinhlobo ezintsha zezinhlanziKusukela ku-gilthead seabream kanye ne-European seabass kuya ku-croakers kanye ne-flatfish. Lo mzila ungenza kube lula izifundo zokuqhathanisa ne-mudskippers, kokubili ngokombono we-physiological kanye nowokukhiqiza, ngaphambi kokucabanga nganoma yikuphi ukungenela ekusetshenzisweni kwezentengiselwano.
Ama-mudskipper asevele asunguliwe njengesibonelo esiyingqayizivele sendlela isilwane esinomgogodla ingajwayela umngcele phakathi kwamanzi nomhlabaukuhlanganisa ukuphefumula kwesikhumba, amakamelo omoya emlonyeni, kanye nama-gill aqinisiwe ukuze kuphile amahora amade ngaphandle kolwandle, ngenkathi ihamba futhi idla udaka ngenxa yamaphiko aziphatha cishe njengemilenze; ​​ngesikhathi esifanayo, amathuba ayo ekufuyweni kwezinhlanzi, kusukela ekukhiqizweni kwenyama eqinile futhi okulula ukuyiqandisa kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwesinyi sokubhukuda, abonisa amandla ezomnotho okuthi namuhla kuncike kakhulu ku-biology kodwa kakhulu ekwakheni izimakethe, imithethonqubo kanye nezinketho zenani ezikwazi ukuhlanganisa uhlobo olungaziwa kangako ekuhlinzekweni okuvamile kwemikhiqizo yokudla kwasolwandle, kokubili e-Asia kanye, esikhathini esizayo, eYurophu.